Process development aliases

Thus, the Milas reagents may be considered to be the progenitors of the metal catalyst/alkyl hydroperoxide reagents5 5 that were later developed cy, inter alia, Halcon, Arco and Shell workers and culminated in the realization of commercial processes for the epoxidation of propylene (reaction II). These reagents involve the very same metal catalysts, e.g. MoVI, WVI, vv and TiIV, as the Milas reagents and they are mechanistically closely related. 

In the authorization process, the importer, user, or manufacturer shall submit a review of possible substitutes, and if relevant develop a substitution plan, and is, inter alia, required to submit (Article 62) ... 

Very short time-resolution techniques are being increasingly applied to the study of very fast processes, for example solvent relaxation and electron-transfer to and from electronically excited species (Peters inter alia). Real time femtosecond techniques now provide a probe for the study of transition states (Dantos et al.). This is a very promising development. The First International Laser Conference was held in 1987 - in part a... 

Ultrasound has long been used for a wide range of applications [5]. These include inter alia the welding of plastics [6], ultrasonic imaging in medicine [7], the dispersion of pigments and solids [8], cleaning both on an industrial scale [9] and in precision applications such as dentistry [10], and in catalyst manufacture [11]. Sonoelectrochemistry [3,12-15] is concerned with the coupling of power ultrasound to electrochemical systems in order to both achieve and develop new processes and applications. 

More recently, M.J.S. Dewar developed a different rationale [99] in attempting to explain the high conversimi rates of enzymatic reactions, which are generally substantially faster than the chemically catalyzed equivalent processes. This so-called desolvation theory assumes that the kinetics of enzyme reactions have much in common with those of gas-phase reactions. If a substrate enters the active site of the enzyme, it replaces all of the water molecules at the active site of the enzyme. Then, a formal gas-phase reaction can take place which mimics two reaction partners interacting without a disturbing solvent. In solution, the water molecules impede the approach of the partners, hence the reaction rate is reduced. This theory would, inter alia, explain why small substrate molecules are often more slowly converted than larger analogues, since the former are unable to replace all the water molecules at the active site. 

In efforts to develop industrial processes for the manufacture of nicotinic acid, Russian workers have studied the electrolytic oxidation of alkylpyridines and quinolines (X-74) using neutral or acidic media and platinum and lead anodes. Reactions occurred at 40 to 100° with high current efficiencies, but reported yields are low (Desired products appeared, of course, in the anolyte compartment. In the catholyte compartment, on the other hand, quinoline substrate was, inter alia, reduced to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (X-7S), isolated as the. /V-acetyl derivative. 

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