Alcohols, Preparation Table

Desulfurization of fl, a-epoxy sulfones 239 prepared from allylic sulfones 238 and m-chloroperbenzoic acid with sodium amalgam leads to the formation of allyl alcohols (240) in good yields (equation 144)138. Allyl alcohols prepared by this method are listed in Table 16. 

Herbs from these traditions often are administered in a confusing array of preparations (Table 69.2). In the U. S. market, tablet and capsule formulations are the most popular, while overseas, teas or infusions of herbs are the most widely used. Tinctures consist of an herb steeped in a mix of alcohol and water, and extracts consist of one part herb to one part ethyl alcohol. The alcohol content can be a concern, particularly with children. Some of these products have been withdrawn by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for this reason but may still be available outside the United States. 

Normant and Poisson prepared allenylzinc bromide reagents from TMS acetylenes along the lines of Epsztein and coworkers5, by sequential lithiation with s-BuLi to yield a lithiated species, and subsequent transmetallation with ZnBr2 (equation 35)27,28. Additions to racemic /J-silyloxy aldehydes proceed with low diastereoselectivity to afford mixtures of the anti,anti and anti,syn adducts (Table 17). The latter adducts are formed via an anti Felkin-Anh transition state. Additions to the racemic IV-benzylimine analogs, on the other hand, proceed with nearly complete Felkin-Anh diastereoselectivity to yield the anti,anti amino alcohol adducts (Table 18). 

Chiral 3-(trifluoromethyl)alk-4-enamides 4 can be prepared in the highly stereoselective Eschenmoser-Claisen rearrangement of chiral allylic alcohols 3 (Table 23).35 The. E-isomers of allylic alcohols 3 give 100% chirality transfer and slightly higher yields than the Z-isomers. 

Exercise 29-17 Polyvinyl alcohol prepared by hydrolysis of polyethenyl ethanoate (polyvinyl acetate Table 29-1) does not react with measurable amounts of periodic acid or lead tetraethanoate (Sections 16-9A and 20-4A). However, periodic acid or lead tetraethanoate treatment of the polymer does decrease the number-average molecular weight, for a typical sample from 25,000 to 5000. Explain what these results mean in terms of the polymerstructures and the mechanism of the polymerization. 

Poly(VP) containing azo groups, prepared as described above, has been employed for preparing block copolymers with acrylonitrile using a precipitation polymerization technique in t-butyl alcohol (see Table 4.10). 

I Latex Preparation, In the present work it was found that the largest changes in particle size were obtained by variation of either the styrene concentration, the ratio of alcohol to water or by the choice of alcohol. In Tables I and II it can be seen that increases in either the styrene concentration or the ratio of ethanol to water caused the formation of latex particles of increased particle size. The coefficients of variation for the latices were always less than 10%. 

Trifluoroacetyl amyl esters were studied by Teuwissen [225] and were described in a number of papers by Darbre and Blau [197,226—229]. The main reason for the development of these derivatives was their lower volatility and thus minimal losses during their preparation. Table 5.10 compares the volatility of N-TFA-alanine esterified with alcohols from methanol up to n-amyl alcohol [197], A known amount of each derivative was... 

Method 2A Preparation of 95% ethyl alcohol from table sugar or common food grade starch... 

Table 1 y-Hydroxybutyric acid amide derivatives effective in treating alcoholism prepared by Cacciaglia (1)... 

Equation 5 was used to analyze the cmc properties for a series of alcohol ethoxysulfates (Table 8). While a "fair" correlation coefficient of 0.946 was obtained, it should be noted that the range of hydrophobe carbon chain lengths studied was limited. AES surfactants are prepared by sulfation of alcohol ethoxylates and can contain unreacted alcohol ethoxylate. Variation in the concentration of unreacted AE, which is not considered in equation 5, could reduce the correlation coefficient. 

In addition to simplifying the workup procedures, use of catalytic amounts of the titanium-tartrate complex in the epoxidation of low molecular weight alcohols makes in situ derivatization of the crude epoxy alcohol feasible (Table 5)42, Catalytic epoxidation and in situ derivatization allowed the preparation of glycidol, an epoxy alcohol accessible only in very low yield by the stoichiometric method. The in situ derivatization method also makes possible the enhancement of enantiomeric excess through crystallization. Derivatives of low molecular weight alcohols, such as the 4-nitrobenzoates, undergo significant enantiomeric enrichment upon crystallization (Table 5). 

Nonmedicated ointments are indicated for moderate to severe dry eye, especially with lagophthalmos, persistent inferior corneal stippling, or severe epithelial compromise. Esters of latty acids with long-chain alcohols, such as petrolatum, mineral oil, lanolin, and lanolin alcohols, serve as lubricants and create a lipid layer, retarding evaporation. Although these preparations (Table 14-2) melt at the temperature of the ocular tissue and disperse with the tear fluid, they appear to be retained longer than other ophthalmic vehicles. Because of their molecular... 

For the preparation of aspartic proteinase inhibitors, Jones et al. [7] needed epimeric A -protected alcohols (see Table 1, entry 2). In this stereocontrolled synthesis of hydroxyethylene dipeptide isoteres, a chiral Grignard reagent was used in a reaction with a protected aminoaldehyde [7]. In this reaction, a 6 1 ratio of diastomers 4SAR) was obtained. The stereochemistry of the products was controlled by the complexation of the reagent with the protected amine the S-epimer predominates because of a chelation-controlled addition of the Grignard. 

Freshly prepared (5,7 ,/ )-a-chloroallylboronate 201 reacts with achiral aldehydes to form preferentially the (Z)-chlorohomoallylic alcohols 297 (Table 11-15) [125], The preponderance of alcohols 297 indicates that transition state 299 is favored over 300 which leads to the minor diastereomeric alcohol 298, due to the unfavorable steric interactions between the equatorially-placed a-chlorine substituent and the cyclohexyl substituent of the dioxaborolane unit in 300. Polar a-sub-stituents, e.g. -Cl, also increase the preference for reaction through transition state 299, presumably due to minimization of dipole and Coulombic repulsion [24]. 

Vanadium(V) alkoxides have been known since 1913,69 and in Table 2 we show some of the known alkoxides, the parent alcohol, and the nature of the complex in organic solvents and in aqueous solution. Alkoxides have been prepared from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, t-butanol, silsequioxanes, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol, norborneol, adamantanol, phenol, and other alcohols (see Table 2).70- 0 The simple complexes associate in organic solvents and dimerization in the presence of alkoxide is observed with the isopropanol complex.70 The more sterically hindred alcohols are less reactive and do not hydrolyze completely in the presence of small amounts of water.73 The first simple alkoxide to be structurally characterized was the methoxide complex (14) and the vanadium was found to be a six-coordinate dinuclear species however, the structure of this compound did not refine very well.91 This was the first report of the diamond core V—O—V—0 unit, albeit associated with two six-coordinate vanadium atoms. The diamond core V—O—V—O (11), which has since then been found to be a typical structural unit for these complexes, was distinctly asymmetric revealing a difference in the interactions between the two mononuclear parts of the molecule. The first monodentate alkoxide found to contain... 

Properties and Preparation of Monohydric Alcohol Nitrate Table 5.6 Effect of urea amount on the product yield... 

Table 2. Vinyl Alcohols prepared from Vinyl Magnesium Halides...

We noted that the studied preparations used at concentrations of 10 -10 M increased 3.5 to 4.5 times the lifespan and increased the survival of mice by 20 to 30% under condition of different types hypoxia, low-temperature stress, and acute alcoholic intoxication (Table 2). 

An efficient method for the synthesis of various mixed succinimidyl carbonates 960, commonly used for the alkoxycarbonylation of amino acids, has been described. Disuccinimidyl carbonate (DSC) has been exclusively used as the reagent for the preparation of these carbonates from structurally diverse alcohols [677]. Thus, important reagents for the introduction of N-protective groups, such as Z-OSu, Boc-OSu, and Fmoc-OSu, can be prepared (Table 4.26), often in good yields. 

Catalytic systems based on various metal oxides under MW-assisted, solvent-free, aerobic conditions were compared for benzyl alcohol oxidation (Table 18.6) [23]. The manganese oxides were prepared by solution-based or solid-state reaction procedures [24], while V2O5, CuO, Fe Og, C02O3, and NiO were obtained via sol-gel or precipitation methods [25]. The benzyl alcohol oxidation was performed in a glass reactor where the slurry of catalyst with alcohol was stirred under dioxygen pressure and MW irradiation (Scheme 18.10, Table 18.6). 

Various ratios of AA, IA and NVP monomers were copolymerized in water with potassium persulfate initiator ( 2 % by wt of combined monomers) with polymerization run under nitrogen for 9-10 hr at 95 °C. The copolymers prepared (Table 2) were recovered in high yields, using standard freeze-drying techniques. Several poly(AA-co-lA) and poly(AA-co-NVP) were also prepared for the study. For purification, the copolymers were dissolved in methyl alcohol and precipitated from diethyl ether, followed by drying under vacuum. The IR spectrum of the copolymers were obtained from cast films, using a MID AC FT IR Spectrometer. NMR ( H and C) spectra were obtained on a Bruker AM 250 MHz NMR analyzer, using deutrated methyl sulfoxide solvent and trimethylsilane (TMS) reference (Table I). 

Apart from the common heteroatom-derived nucleophiles described, cleavage with other nucleophiles is also possible. For example, reductive cleavage with hydride sources is possible. For ester-linked substrates, Kurth et al. reported an example in which substituted propane-1,3-diols were prepared (Table 1.2, Entry 11). In related work, Chandrasekhar et al. prepared tertiary alcohols by treating an ester-linked substrate with excess Grignard reagent (Table 1.2, Entry 12). If, however, it is desirable to prepare the carbonyl derivative (and not reduce all the way to the corresponding alcohol), then Weinreb-type linker units can be used (Table 1.2, Entries 13 and 14). Treatment of substrates attached via such linkers... 

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