Air carriers

National Transportation Safety Board. A review of flightcrew-involved major accidents of U.S. air carriers, 1978 through 1990. NTSB Safety Study SS-94/01. Springfield, VA National Technical Information Service, 1994. 

FIGURE 6.2 Height equivalent to a theoretical plate (H) of a GC-separated compound versus average carrier gas velocity for a 3-m-long silicon channel coated with non-polar dimethyl polysiloxane stationary phase (a) native silicon surface (b) oxidized silicon surface. Plots A are for hydrogen carrier gas, and plots B are for air carrier gas [598]. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

The concentration cc can easily be measured using a C02 specific detector. One can for example remove 0.5 ml from the container using a gas-tight syringe and inject it into an air carrier gas that comes in contact with a stream of water. The increase in the electrolytic conductivity in the water caused by the presence of C02 is proportional to the concentration in this range. With help of such an analytical system the C02 concentration can be measured within 30 seconds with a detection limit of 3 ppm (Leibl et al 1990). 

Field Plots. An apple orchard in Hood River, Ore., in the northern part of the state, has been treated with DDT every year since 1946 for a total application of 388 pounds per acre. Until 1949 the sprays were applied with hand-controlled hydraulic equipment. Since 1949 air carrier sprayers have been used. The orchard is never cultivated, and the soil type is Wind River sandy loam. It is located on the edge of a low plateau about 300 feet above Hood river, a tributary of the Columbia river. 

A pear orchard in Medford, in the southern part of the state, received DDT treatments each year between 1947 and 1959, for a total estimated dosage of 169 pounds per acre. Until 1953 applications were made with hand-controlled hydraulic systems, after which spraying was done with air carrier sprayers. The soil type is Meyer clay adobe, and the orchard is kept free of vegetation by cultivation. 

Several airline industry associations have expressed their opposition to the EU plan. Air carriers are concerned about the effect of compliance costs on demand and profits. Independent analyses suggest that the fare increases and demand reductions will be small generally less than 3%... 

TABLE 1 The 20 largest air carriers in terms of international revenue tonne kilometres, 2007... 

Air carrier Total revenue tonne kilometres (000,000) Passenger tonne kilometres (000,000)... 

The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities can be addressed in two ways. One is through the financial flows. The regulatory costs are imposed equally on all air carriers/ships. Since most customers are from developed countries, most revenue would come from those countries... 

For a given route, the compliance cost is a higher portion of the fare for low-cost carriers and demand for travel on those carriers is more elastic, so the impacts are bigger than those for air carriers with higher fares and more business travellers whose travel demand is less elastic. European carriers absorb the impacts on virtually all of their flights, while only the flights to and from Europe are affected in the case of non-European carriers. 

Such exemptions are very different in scale and distributional effects from a blanket exemption for all developing-country air carriers and ships. 

The human inspection models of visual search and human decision making were shown to be particularly applicable leading to a task analytic framework using hierarchical task analysis (HTA). In this way, human factors knowledge could be applied systematically to observed FPI processes. Visits were made to several engine repair facilities owned by major air carriers and engine manufac-... 

The sensing characteristics of three QD-NA systems tested against 15 ppm xylenes in an air carrier gas exhibits a maximum signal change from the medium surface coverage (NA2), while too little or too much NA coverage lead to weaker sensing responses (Fig. 9.13). It is understandable that for the... 

Power wheelchairs typically incorporate 24 V d.c. energy systems. The energy for the wheelchair is provided by two, deep cycle lead-acid batteries connected in series. Either wet cell or gel cell batteries are used. Wet cell batteries also cost about one-half as much as gel cell batteries. Gel cells may be required for transport by commercial air carriers. 

In some industries, the safety control structure is called the safety management system (SMS). In civil aviation, ICAO (International Civil Aviation Authority) has created standards and recommended practices for safety management systems and individual countries have strongly recommended or required certified air carriers to establish such systems in order to control organizational factors that contribute to accidents. 

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is proposing a substantiai and wide-ranging overhaul of air carrier crew training. The supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (SNPRM) addresses comments from the... 

Corporate culture issues also appear to have played a part in the increased risk associated with some new entrants to the airline industry for example, Gray (1987, pg. 34) stated that Many new carriers have little notion of or experience in how an airline must be run. By contrast, corporate culture issues did not appear to pose as much risk in the new spin-off railroads established after rail industry deregulation, in part because they were largely staffed by experienced personnel from the larger railroads. In addition, because of intercormections between the new short-line railroads and the major rail carriers, the smaller railroads were generally required to meet certain minimal levels of safety performance. Similarly, the recent trend toward partnerships between the commuter air carriers and the major airlines may be associated with a reduction in the average risk of the commuter carriers. 

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