Crimes aggression

At first Hebert believed that international law was broad enough to cover the defendants aggressive crimes. Then he came to feel that probably at this stage in international law, an extraordinary standard of proof should be exacted, and a "most liberal application of the rule of reasonable doubt in favor of the defendants" ... 

The Tribunal had asked "What is the purpose of beginning in this general fashion " We explained that world aggression could hardly be proved before it was shown that the defendants, with their network of continental and transoceanic affiliations, commanded tremendous power abroad. The Farben structure at home must be understood, too, or the proof would be halted for days while we explained, for each man and each crime, where he went to work and what his employees produced. 

Minskoff and I got to arguing whether there was a simple analogy for "aggressive war." We decided to start this time with simpler crimes. Then the idea came. 

In international law, as in domestic law, criminal liability requires two essential elements — action and state-of-mind. This court is being called upon to enforce the doctrine of international penal law — bom centuries ago, accepted by all major nations after the first World War, and first judicially applied by the International Military Tribunal — that the deliberate planning and waging of aggressive war is a crime. 

But "aggressive war," containing many offenses, is the most complex of crimes. Having decided that Von Schnitzler s statements proved nothing about the common intentions of the Vor-stand, the Tribunal had at least two standards by which they might weigh the remaining evidence. One was a recent precedent, the other as old and broad as the common law. 

Children with histories of maltreatment are at higher risk for aggression, violent crimes, and j uvenile arrests (Commission for the Prevention of Youth Violence, 2000). 

In a reanalysis of these data, Raine et al. found that the reduction in frontal activation was much more pronounced in murderers whose crimes had an affective rather than predatory basis (Raine et al., 1998). Affectively motivated crimes are generally considered to have a more impulsive quality than predatory murders that are, by definition, planned. Davidson et al. (2000) have postulated that impulsive violence results from a breakdown in the brain s ability to regulate negative affect. Thus, affective crimes may provide a window into the brain mechanisms underlying impulsive aggression. 

Temazepam produces a variety of adverse psychological effects, including restlessness, agitation, irritability, aggression, rage, and psychosis. Perhaps because it is likely to be used recreationally, temazepam has also been used to facilitate crime, particularly in the UK (5). 

Drug-related public-order disturbances, property crimes, aggression and violence are of growing concern. An evaluation of Dutch nuisance policy called for broader measures targeted at heavy drug users as well as at clubbers and the homeless. 

Women prisoners who had committed violent crimes had higher levels of testosterone than those prisoners who committed nonviolent crimes (Dabbs, Ruback, Frady, Hopper and Sgoritas, 1988). Increased testosterone levels may be the result of aggression rather than its cause (Zuckerman, 1991). 

Deborah Denno is one of the most influential women lawyers in America, and has taught at Fordham Law School since 1991. She also argues for a link between lead and crime (San Francisco Chronicle, September 26,2007). She explored 3,000 factors in 1,000 children who were followed from birth to age 22, and found a highly significant link between observed lead toxicity and the likelihood of criminal activity. Lead poisoning was the best predictor at age 7 for aggressive behavior in school, juvenile delinquency, and eventually criminal violence. 

Konrad Lorenz believed that man s aggressive behavior as manifested in war, crime, personal quarrels, and all kinds of destructive and sadistic behavior is due to a phylogenetically programmed, innate instinct which seeks for discharge and waits for the proper occasion to be expressed. He did not believe that violence stems from human s animal nature, but is shaped by culture and social forces. He deem-phasized emotions and emphasized social factors as determinants of behavior. A person s passion to love or to hate depends on societal and cultural factors in a biological setting. 

Violence and crime occur during stressful social, economic and political periods. When cultural forces are weak, human behavior seems to regress to primitive aggressiveness and violence. Social constraints are weakened. In experimental primates, sham rage can be produced by removal of the cerebral cortex. After decortications, the animals respond with fear and anger to trifling provocations. Norepinephrine can produce sham rage. 

Patients may include psychopaths who express habitual aggression and are responsible for much crime, some of which is violent. Impulsivity, aggression and lack of empathy are often observed in some patients following head trauma or encephalitis, which supports an organic cause. Drugs that block serotonin transporters and increase synaptic serotonin levels help these people. Hormonal effects also are involved, because of gender-related differences in the incidence of violence and aggressiveness. More than... 

Some consider crime as a disease, and war a malignant disease. St Paul said, The good I would, I do not, and that I would not, that I do. 0 wretched man that I am. Abraham, Jesus, Mohammed, and Buddha created laws that could control aggressiveness and violence, and help people achieve peace and tranquility. Did these characteristics for good result in an increase the reproductive capability of those persons whose mutant genes encoded altruism ... 

The anxiolytic effects of lorazepam and possibly chlordiazepoxide may be opposed by alcohol. Alprazolam and alcohol together may possibly increase behavioural aggression. Similarly, flunitrazepam abuse can cause violent behaviour, impulsive decision-making and anterograde amnesia a report looking at violent crimes committed by abusers of flunitrazepam found that alcohol was almost always also present. Alcoholic drinks also enhance the effects of flunitrazepam when it is used as a date rape drug. ... 

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