Aggressive behaviour

Bond AJ, Curran HV, Bruce MS, et al. Behavioural aggression in panic disorder after 8 weeks treatment with alprazolam. J Affect Disord 1995 35 117-123. 

Cleare, A. J. and Bond, A. J., The effect of tryptophan depletion and enhancement on subjective and behavioural aggression in normal male subjects, Psychopharmacology, 118, 72, 1995. 

The anxiolytic effects of lorazepam and possibly chlordiazepoxide may be opposed by alcohol. Alprazolam and alcohol together may possibly increase behavioural aggression. Similarly, flunitrazepam abuse can cause violent behaviour, impulsive decision-making and anterograde amnesia a report looking at violent crimes committed by abusers of flunitrazepam found that alcohol was almost always also present. Alcoholic drinks also enhance the effects of flunitrazepam when it is used as a date rape drug. ... 

Soft upland waters are aggressive to most metals, their behaviour depending to some extent on pH values as discussed on p. 2.53. They are inevitably unsaturated with respect to calcium carbonate and it is not usually practicable to modify the carbonate equilibrium to make them non-aggressive. 

The above catalogue of difficulties, in relating the aggressivity of natural waters to their chemical composition, arises precisely because of the low corrosion rates that are usually found with most metals. Under such circumstances, water composition is only one of many factors that determine the rate of attack. The other factors include flow regime, temperature and the conditions under which the initial corrosion product is laid down. The best summary of the behaviour of metals commonly used in natural waters is still that produced by Campbell for the Society of Water Treatment and Examination... 

In the case of CaCl2 and NaCl, the order corresponds with the corrosion behaviour expected from cathodic polarisation curves . The order of aggressiveness of chlorides can also be explained on the basis of redox potentials of the melts, calculated on thermodynamic grounds from the free energies of formation of the appropriate oxides and chlorides . The order of aggressiveness of nitrates is complicated by passivity effects , while that of alkalis in contact with air is... 

It should be noted that the data refer mostly to the behaviour of the alloys in H2SO4. Passivity is, however, influenced by the composition of the solution as well as that of the metal and for this reason the influence of alloying additions may be different in solutions containing other ions. In particular, CI and other similarly aggressive ions have a large influence and may prevent passivation, either completely or partially. If passivity cannot be maintained over the entire surface of the metal, pitting develops, and this is considered later. 

Zirconium, like titanium, depends upon the integrity of a surface film, usually of oxide, for its corrosion resistance, but there are differences in behaviour between the two metals when they are exposed to aggressive aqueous environments. 

Behaviour of High Temperature Alloys in Aggressive Environments, in Proc. Peiien Ini. Conf., ed. Kirman, I. et at.. The Metals Society, 1050 (1980)... 

The corrosion of iron (or steel) can be inhibited by the anions of most weak acids under suitable conditions " . However, other anions, particularly those of strong acids, tend to prevent the action of inhibitive anions and stimulate breakdown of the protective oxide film. Examples of such aggressive anions are the halides, sulphate, nitrate, etc. Brasher has shown that, in general, most anions exhibit some inhibitive and some aggressive behaviour towards iron. The balance between the inhibitive and aggressive properties of a specific anion depends on the following main factors (which are themselves interdependent). 

The fact that scanning speed can affect polarisation behaviour has already been mentioned. In the case of stainless steel a plot of critical potential E, vs. rate shows how becomes more positive with potential change rate (Fig. 19.43) . When a specimen was held at a fixed passive potential while aggressive ions (Cl ) were added to determine the concentration required... 

Emotional instability - displaying depressive, aggressive or simply moody behaviour is a taboo for mentors. They must learn how to manage their emotions so as to be capable of providing mentees with the calmness, patience and reflectivity that is required of them. 

Bell, A.M. (2001). Effects of an endocrine disrupter on courtship and aggressive behaviour of male three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Animal Behaviour 62, 775-780. 

Depression and mania are both affective disorders but their symptoms and treatments are quite distinct. Mania is expressed as heightened mood, exaggerated sense of self-worth, irritability, aggression, delusions and hallucinations. In stark contrast, the most obvious disturbance in depression is melancholia that often co-exists with behavioural and somatic changes (Table 20.1). Some individuals experience dramatic mood swings between depression and mania. This is known as "bipolar disorder which, like mania itself, is treated with lithium salts or neuroleptics. 

Charpentier, J. Analysis and measurement of aggressive behaviour in mice. In Garattini, S., and Sigg. E.B., eds. Aggressive Behaviour. 

Hoffmeister, F., and Wuttke, W. On the actions of psychotropic drugs on the attack- and aggressive-defensive behaviour of mice and cats. In Garattini, S., and Sigg. E.B., eds. Aggressive Behaviour. Amsterdam Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1969. pp. 273-280. 

Krsiak, M. Effects of drugs on behaviour of aggressive mice. Brit J Pharmacol 65 525-533, 1979. 

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