Agent HD Sulfur Mustard

Agent HD (Sulfur Mustard). RfDe = 7 x 10 mg kg d. A LOiAEL was identified in a two-generation reproductive toxicity study conducted in rats. A total uncertainty factor of 3000 was applied to account for protection of sensitive subpopulations (10), animal-to-human extrapolation (10), LOAEL-to-NOAEL extrapolation (3), and extrapolation from a subchronic to chronic exposure (10). A LOAEL-to-NOAEL UF of 3, instead of the default value of 10, was used because the critical effect (stomach lesions) was considered to be mild in severity and may have been enhanced by the vehicle used (sesame oil in which sulfur mustard is fully soluble) and the route of administration (gavage), which is more likely to result in localized irritant effects. The key study did identify a toxic effect that is consistent with the vesicant properties of sulfur mustard. In none of the other available studies was there any indication of a different effect occurring at a lower exposure level. 

Chapter 1 Blister Agents DISTILLED SULFUR MUSTARD - HD... 

Interim Recommendations for Airborne Exposure Limits for Chemical Warfare Agents H and HD (Sulfur Mustard)." Federal Register 69, No. 85 (May 3,2004) 24164-24168. 

Chemical Agent HD Distilled mustard (HD), or bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide, (CAS 505-60-2) is mustard (H) that has been purified by washing and vacuum distillation to reduce sulfur impurities Agent HD is a blister agent. 

Sulfur mustard (Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide or CW Agent HD or Mustard gas) 505-60-2 Tx... 

BACKGROUND VESICATING AGENTS (DISTILLED SULFUR MUSTARD, HD IMPURE SULFUR MUSTARD, H LEWISITE, L)... 

The interplay between the chemical and biological properties of the threat agent, on the one hand, and the specific attack scenario, on the other, can influence the lethality of the attack. Table 2-2 shows the relative respiratory toxicities (expressed as the lethal concentration of toxin at which 50 percent of test animals are killed, or LCT50, in milligrams per minute per cubic meter) of a variety of toxic gases compared with chlorine gas, which was used as a chemical weapon in World War I. According to Table 2-2, the nerve agent sarin (GB) has a respiratory toxicity approximately 100 times that of chlorine, while sulfur mustard (HD) is about 7 times more toxic. However, the lethality of an attack... 

Blister agents, which cause burns on the skin such as sulfur mustard gas, l,l -thiobis[2-chloroethane] (HD), and lewisite, (2-chloroethenyl) arsenous dichloride (L). 

Blister Agents Sulfur Mustard Agent H / HD and Sulfur Mustard Agent HT ToxFAQs." April... 

Detailed Facts About Sulfur Mustard Agents H and HD. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD United... 

Synonyms Sulfur mustard bis-2-chloroethyl sulfide di-2-chloroethyl sulfide l,l-thiobis(2-chloroethane) chemical agent symbol HD... 

Sulfur mustards (designated H [mustard], HD [distilled mustard], and HT [HD and T mixture]) do not present acute lethal hazards. Their principal effect is severe blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. Epidemiological evidence indicates a causal relationship between exposure to mustard agent at high concentrations and the development of chronic nonreversible respiratory disorders, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, and ocular diseases, such as delayed recurrent keratitis and prolonged, intractable conjunctivitis (IOM, 1993). Sulfur mustard has been classified as a known human carcinogen based on evidence of in-... 

The final type of chemical toxicity that will be presented are the vesicants, chemicals that cause blisters on the skin. There are two classes of blisters that implicate different mechanisms of vesication. Intraepidermal blisters are usually formed due to the loss of intercellular attachment caused by cytotoxicity or cell death. The second class occurs within the epidermal-dermal junction (EDJ) due to chemical-induced defects in the basement membrane components. The classic chemical associated with EDJ blisters is the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (bis-2-chloroethyl sulfide HD). HD is a bifunctional alkylating agent that is highly reactive with many biological macromolecules, especially those containing nucleophilic groups such as DNA and proteins. 

Sasser, L.B., R.A. Miller, D.R. Kalkwarf, R.L. Buschbom, and J.A. Cushing. 1989a. Toxicology Studies on Lewisite and Sulfur Mustard Agents Two-Generation Reproduction Smdy of Sulfur Mustard (HD) in Rats. Final Report. PNL-6944. DTIC AD-A216423. Prepared by Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Wash., for the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md. 

Watson, A.P., T.D. Jones, and G.D. Griffin. 1989. Sulfur mustard as a carcinogen Application of relative potency analysis to the chemical warfare agents H, HD, and HT. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 10 1-25. 

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