Distilled Sulfur Mustard

Chapter 1 Blister Agents DISTILLED SULFUR MUSTARD - HD... 

Sulfur mustard is a component of the H-series blister agents including undistilled sulfur mustard (H sulfur mustard with 20-30% impurities, also known as Levinstein mustard), distilled sulfur mustard (HD or HS 96% pure), a mustard-lewisite mixture (HL), and HD/agent T mixture (HT a mixture of HD and nonvolatile agent T), and an HD/agent Q mixture (HQ a mixture of HD and nonvolatile Agent Q (Agent Q is also known as sesquimustard). 

CMA Chemical Materials Agency HD distilled (sulfur) mustard agent... 

The current process description for the PCAPP includes the use of an as-yet-unspecified EDT for the destruction of an estimated 1,000 leaker or reject projectiles containing distilled (sulfur) mustard agent (HD) or distilled mustard mixed with bis[2-(2-chloroethylthio) ethyl] ether (HT). This description is called Requirement P-1. 

Properties Impure Sulfur Mustard Distilled Sulfur Mustard Phosgene Oxime Lewisite... 

BACKGROUND VESICATING AGENTS (DISTILLED SULFUR MUSTARD, HD IMPURE SULFUR MUSTARD, H LEWISITE, L)... 

Sulfur mustards (designated H [mustard], HD [distilled mustard], and HT [HD and T mixture]) do not present acute lethal hazards. Their principal effect is severe blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. Epidemiological evidence indicates a causal relationship between exposure to mustard agent at high concentrations and the development of chronic nonreversible respiratory disorders, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, and ocular diseases, such as delayed recurrent keratitis and prolonged, intractable conjunctivitis (IOM, 1993). Sulfur mustard has been classified as a known human carcinogen based on evidence of in-... 

Sulfur mustard is generally analyzed by gas chromatographic techniques. When in solution, it reacts rapidly with water (half-life 5 min in distilled water at 25 °C) and is therefore not suited to reversed phase LC. D Agostino (52) reported that it does not ionize under ESI conditions. 

Wils et al. (25,26) previously reported an entirely different approach to TDG analysis. TDG in urine was converted back to sulfur mustard by treatment with concentrated HC1. The sample treatment is less straightforward than the methods described above, but analysis as sulfur mustard is facile. Urine, plus 2H8-TDG as internal standard, was cleaned up by elution through two C18 cartridges. Concentrated HC1 was added and the sample stirred and heated at 120 °C. Nitrogen was blown over the solution and sulfur mustard isolated from the headspace by adsorption onto Tenax-TA. The method was used to detect TDG in urine from casualties of CW attacks (see below). A disadvantage of this method is that it may convert metabolites other than TDG to sulfur mustard. This is supported by the detection of relatively high levels of analytes in urine from control subjects. Vycudilik (27) used a similar procedure, but recovered the mustard by steam distillation and extraction. 

Emad, A., Emad, Y. (2007a). Comparison of bronchial responsiveness to ultrasonically nebulized distilled water (UNDW), methacholine, and ultrasonically nebulized distilled cold water (UDCW) in patients with sulfur mustard gas-induced asthma. Clin. Toxicol. 45 565-70. 

SYNS BIS(P-CHLOROETHYL)SULFIDE BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)SULPHIDE l-CHLORO-2-(p-CHLOROETHYLTHIO)ETHANE P.P-DICHLOR-ETHYDSULPHIDE D 2,2 -DICHLORODIETHYL SULFIDE DI-2-CHLOROETHYL SULFIDE D P,P -DICHLOROETHYL SULFIDE 2,2 -DICHLOROETHYL SULPHIDE (MAK) DISTILLED MUSTARD KAMPSTOFF LOST MUSTARD GAS MUSTARD HD MUSTARD VAPOR SCHWEFEL-LOST S-LOST S MUSTARD SULFUR MUSTARD SULFUR MUSTARD GAS SULPHUR MUSTARD GAS 1,1 -TH10BIS(2-CHLOROETHANE) YELLOW CROSS LIQUID YPERITE... 

Sulfur mustard is the distilled or purified form of mustard gas. Its properties and toxicities are similar to those of mustard gas. If spilled, sulfur mustard evaporates into air where it decomposes. It can persist within soil with its blister-forming activity intact for many years, particularly in colder climates. Because of its relative insolubility, it generally does not contaminate groundwater. 

Synonyms Sulfur mustard l,l-Thiobis(2-chloro-ethane) l-Chloro-2-(/l-chloroethylthio)ethane 2,2 -Dichlorodiethyl sulfide Distilled mustard S mustard S-lost SchwefeTlost Yellow cross liquid Yperite Kampstoff lost HD HT H... 

Common Name(s) Distilled Mustard, Kampfstoff "Lost", Mustard HD, Mustard Vapor, Mustard Sulfur, S Mustard, S-Lost, S-Yperite, Schwefel-Lost, Sulfur Mustard, Sulfur Mustard Gas, Sulphur Mustard, Sulphur Mustard Gas, Yellow Cross Liquid, Yperite... 

Sulfur mustard, although usually referred to as mustard gas , is actually a liquid that boils at 217°C. Most available information characterizes the distilled or purified form of sulfur mustard (HD bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide) in contrast to the undistilled form (H) which contains numerous impurities. Agent HT was made by an older manufacturing process and contains about 60% HD and 40% agent T (bis(2-(2-chloroethylthio)ethyl)ether) to lower the freezing point of the blend for deployment in cold-weather operations. The HT blend also contains a variety of impurities. In some cases, solvents such as benzene or thickeners such as polyacrylates were added to HD to change the melting point. 

Dichlorodiethyl sulphide 2,2 -Diohloroethyl sulfide 2,2 -Dichloroethyl sulphide Di-2-chloroethyl sulfide Di-2-chloroethyl sulphide Diethyl sulfide, 2,2 -dichloro Distilled mustard Ethane, 1,1 -thiobis(2-ohloro- Geibkreuz HD HS HSDB 336 Iprit Kampstoff lost Lost Mustard gas Mustard HD Mustard, sulfur Mustard vapor S-lost S mustard ... 

Agent HD [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide sulfur mustard CAS no. 505-60-2] is a colorless, odorless, oily liquid with a molecular weight of 159.08 and a water solubility of 0.092 g per 100 g at 22 °C (DA 1974 MacNaughton and Brewer 1994) (see Table 4). Agent HD is also referred to as distilled mustard, with laboratory samples having a purity range of 95%-100% (DA 1974). Its chemical structure is... 

HD sulfur mustard (distilled) RD D research, development, and demonstration... 

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