Chemical warfare agents sulfur mustard

Henriques FC Jr, Moritz AR, Breyfogle HS, Paterson LA. The mechanism of cutaneous injury by mustard gas An experimental study using mustard prepared with radioactive sulfur. In Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems. Parts 3-6. Washington, DC Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Committee, Div 9 1946. 

Interim Recommendations for Airborne Exposure Limits for Chemical Warfare Agents H and HD (Sulfur Mustard)." Federal Register 69, No. 85 (May 3,2004) 24164-24168. 

Mustard gas (H)—also known as yellow cross, yperite, sulfur mustard, Schwefellost, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, and dichlor-diethylsulfide—is a chemical-warfare agent with both vesicant and systemic effects. H is colorless and almost odorless and is an oily liquid at 14-215°C with a molecular weight of 159.08. Except in extremely cold weather, the low vapor pressure (0.072 mm Hg at 20°C) and low volatility of H are sufficient to make contaminated surfaces a source of danger to anyone nearby. H is slightly soluble... 

Renshaw, B. Mechanisms in production of cutaneous injuries by sulfur and nitrogen mustards. IN Chemical Warfare Agents, and Related Chemical Problems, 2 vol. (Summary Technical Report of Division 9, National Defense Research Cornmittee.) Washington, D.C. U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development. 1946. p. 479-518. 

Figure 2. N7-Deoxyguanosine adduct of sulfur mustard and derived N7-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)guanine (N7-HETE-Gua). (Reprinted from Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 184, D. Noort, H.P. Benschop and R.M. Black, Biomonitoring of Exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents A Review, pages 116-126 (2002), with permission from Elsevier Science.)...

The final type of chemical toxicity that will be presented are the vesicants, chemicals that cause blisters on the skin. There are two classes of blisters that implicate different mechanisms of vesication. Intraepidermal blisters are usually formed due to the loss of intercellular attachment caused by cytotoxicity or cell death. The second class occurs within the epidermal-dermal junction (EDJ) due to chemical-induced defects in the basement membrane components. The classic chemical associated with EDJ blisters is the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (bis-2-chloroethyl sulfide HD). HD is a bifunctional alkylating agent that is highly reactive with many biological macromolecules, especially those containing nucleophilic groups such as DNA and proteins. 

Runcol [Runcorn thiodiglycol] Not a process but the code name for a mixture of chemical warfare agents made in Runcorn, England, and Rhydymwyn, North Wales, during World War II. One of them was sulfur mustard, made from thiodiglycol. The other was nitrogen mustard. 

Marianne Roller was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1958. She did her diploma in chemistry at the Technical University of Munich in 1984 and received her Ph.D. with magna cum laude under Prof. Ivar Ugi in 1989. During the following years, she specialized on instrumental analytics. Since 1995, she has been responsible for the development of GC-MS and LC-MS methods for the detection of chemical warfare agents in biomedical samples (verification) at the German Forces. Sulfur mustard, whose homologues can be used as educts in the synthesis of sulfur macrocycles, is one of her objects of interest. 

In this report, the Subcommittee on Chronic Reference Doses for Selected Chemical-Warfare Agents of the National Research Council s (NRC s) Committee on Toxicology reviews the scientific validity of the Army s interim values for the six chemical-warfare agents—GA, GB, GD, VX, sulfur mustard, and lewisite. The NRC report is intended to be useful to the Army in making site-specific cleanup decisions. 

Watson, A.P., T.D. Jones, and G.D. Griffin. 1989. Sulfur mustard as a carcinogen Application of relative potency analysis to the chemical warfare agents H, HD, and HT. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 10 1-25. 

Stewart, D.L., E.J. Sass, L.K. Fritz and L.B. Sasser. 1989. Toxicology studies on lewisite and sulfur mustard agents Mutagenicity of lewisite in the Salmonella histidine reversion assay. Final Report, Pacific Northwest Laboratory Report, PNL-6872, Richland, WA. Trammell, G.L. 1992. Toxicodynamics of organoarsenic chemical warfare agents. In Somani, S.M., Ed. Chemical Warfare Agents. Academic Press, Inc. New York, pp.255-270. 

Dacre, J.C., Goldman, M. (1996). Toxicology and pharmacology of the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard. Pharmacol. Rev. 48 289-326. 

Arroyo, C.M., Burman, D.L., Kahler, D.W., Nelson, M.R., Corun, C.M., Guzman, J.J., Smith, M.A., Purcell, E.D., Hackley, B.E., Soni, S.D., Broomfield, C.A. (2004). TNF-alpha expression patterns as potential molecular biomarker for human skin cells exposed to vesicant chemical warfare agents sulfur mustard (HD) and Lewisite (L). Cell Biol. Toxicol. 20 345-59. 

Crossgrove, R. (ed) (1999). Evaluation of the Army s Interim Reference Dose and Slope Factor for Sulfur Mustard from Review of the U.S. Army s Health Risk Assessments for Oral Exposure to Six Chemical-Warfare Agents, pp. 70-82. See NCJ-190887 and http //www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/ abstract.aspx ID=190893... 

Merat, S., Perez, J.P., Ruttimann, M., Bordier, E., Lienhard, A., Lenoir, B., Pats, B. (2003). Acute poisoning by chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard. Ann. Fr. Anesth. Reanim. 22 108-18. 

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