Blister agents Sulfur Mustard

Chapter One Blister Agents SULFUR MUSTARD MIXTURE - HT... 

Vesicants/blister agents sulfur mustard, lewisite, nitrogen mustard, mustard lewisite, and phosgene oxime. 

Blister Agents Sulfur Mustard Agent H / HD and Sulfur Mustard Agent HT ToxFAQs." April... 

It was, however, surprising that the skin-blistering agent sulfur mustard decreased dermal absorption and penetration of permethrin (Riviere et al., 2002). It is safe to assume that this interaction is based on the disposition of sulfur mustard in skin and... 

The final type of chemical toxicity that will be presented are the vesicants, chemicals that cause blisters on the skin. There are two classes of blisters that implicate different mechanisms of vesication. Intraepidermal blisters are usually formed due to the loss of intercellular attachment caused by cytotoxicity or cell death. The second class occurs within the epidermal-dermal junction (EDJ) due to chemical-induced defects in the basement membrane components. The classic chemical associated with EDJ blisters is the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (bis-2-chloroethyl sulfide HD). HD is a bifunctional alkylating agent that is highly reactive with many biological macromolecules, especially those containing nucleophilic groups such as DNA and proteins. 

Sulfur mustard (2,2 -dichlorodiethyl sulfide, mustard gas, HD) and lewisite (2-chlorovinyldichloroarsine) are the best known vesicating (blistering) chemical warfare agents. Sulfur mustard is the blistering agent most commonly associated... 

Chapter 1 Blister Agents DISTILLED SULFUR MUSTARD - HD... 

Blister agents, which cause burns on the skin such as sulfur mustard gas, l,l -thiobis[2-chloroethane] (HD), and lewisite, (2-chloroethenyl) arsenous dichloride (L). 

Dermal (skin) contact with sulfur mustard agents causes erythema and lesions (blistering), while contact with vapor may result in first and second degree burns contact with liquid typically produces second and third degree chemical burns. Any burn area covering 25 percent or more of the body surface area may be fatal. Respiratory contact is a dose-related factor in the sense that inflammatory reactions in the upper and lower airway begin to develop several hours after exposure and progress over several days. 

Chemical Agent H Levinstein mustard (CAS 471-03-4) is a mixture of 70 percent bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide and 30 percent sulfur impurities produced by the Levinstein process and is a blister agent. 

Chemical Agent HD Distilled mustard (HD), or bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide, (CAS 505-60-2) is mustard (H) that has been purified by washing and vacuum distillation to reduce sulfur impurities Agent HD is a blister agent. 

Acoustic wave sensors are also used to detect nerve and blister agents. The surface acoustic wave chemical agent detector (SAW Mini-CAD) is a commercially available, pocket-sized instrument that can monitor for trace levels of toxic vapors of sulfur-based mustard agents (e.g., distilled mustard) and G nerve agents (e.g., tabun, sarin, soman) with a high degree of specificity. Colorimetric tubes are the... 

Sulfur mustard Ethylene chlorohydrin. Sodium sulfide monohydrate. Hydrochloric acid Blister agent... 

Sulfur mustard Ethylene gas. Sulfur dichloride. Methylene chloride. Activated charcoal Blister agent... 

Sulfur mustards (designated H [mustard], HD [distilled mustard], and HT [HD and T mixture]) do not present acute lethal hazards. Their principal effect is severe blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. Epidemiological evidence indicates a causal relationship between exposure to mustard agent at high concentrations and the development of chronic nonreversible respiratory disorders, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, and ocular diseases, such as delayed recurrent keratitis and prolonged, intractable conjunctivitis (IOM, 1993). Sulfur mustard has been classified as a known human carcinogen based on evidence of in-... 

Sulfur mustard is a known human carcinogen, and some of its degradation products may also be carcinogenic (IOM, 1993). Sulfur mustard acts as a vesicant or blister agent and shows acute systemic toxicity in addition to its effects on skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract. 

Most chemical agents contain specific elements in common. G and V agents all contain phosphoms and blister agents, like the mustards, contain sulfur or nitrogen. The combustion of these materials yields excited atoms that emit light characteristic of these elements. The emissions are viewed through an interference filter by a photodetector. As an alternative to a flame, low-powered, inductively coupled (or microwave) plasmas have been used as emission sources. These sources have been combined with... 

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