Agent HD

Derivatization with Optically Active Reagents and Separation on Achiral Columns. This method has been reviewed (65) a great number of homochiral derivatizing agents (HD A) are described together with many appHcations. An important group is the chloroformate HD As. The reaction of chloroformate HD As with racemic, amino-containing compounds yields carbamates, which are easily separated on conventional hplc columns, eg (66),... 

HD in the body is very slow, and repeated exposures produce a cumulative effect. Its toxic hazard is high for inhalation, ingestion, and skin and eye absorption, but the most common acute hazard is from liquid contact with eyes or skin. Agent HD is distilled H, it has been purified by washing and vacuum distillation to reduce sulfur impurities. Agent H is a mixture of 70% bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide and 30% sulfur impurities produced by unstable Levinstein process. 

Note Sometimes density is not the only factor that determines how an agent will distribute in water. An example is HD. If agent HD falls on water, little globs of HD will scatter throughout the depth of the water. The larger... 

The rate of action of a chemical agent is the rate at which the body reacts to or is affected by that agent. The rate varies widely, even to those of similar tactical or physiological classification. For example, blister agent HD causes no immediate sensation on the skin. Skin effects usually occur several hours later (some cases result in delays of 10-12 days before symptoms appear). In contrast, lewisite produces an immediate burning sensation on the skin upon contact and blistering in about 13 h. Decontamination immediately (within 4-5 min) will prevent serious blister agent effects. 

The detector model is capable of simulating both vapour and liquid detection systems. So far, about a dozen different detector systems are available. The detector model input signal (see 2.1) consists of i) a time concentration profile, ii) the identity of the chemical warfare agent (HD, GB, VX or L) and iii) the relative air humidity (RH < 80% or RH > 80%). 

Personal Protective Equipment Standard turnout gear with SCBA provides a first responder with sufficient protection from nerve agent vapor hazards inside interior or downwind areas of the hot zone to allow thirty minutes rescue time for known live victims. Self-taped turnout gear with SCBA provides sufficient protection in an unknown nerve agent environment for a three-minute reconnaissance to search for living victims, (or a two-minute reconnaissance if mustard, blister agent (HD) is suspected). 

Special Chemical laboratory hoods shall have an average inward face velocity of 100 linear feet per minute (lfpm) plus or minus 10 percent with the velocity at any point not deviating from the average face velocity by more than 20 percent. Laboratory hoods shall be located such that cross- draffs do not exceed 20 percent of the inward face velocity. A visual performance test utilizing smoke-producing devices shall be performed in assessing the ability of the hood to contain agent HD. 

IX IX indicates that the level of contamination is unknown or that an item is contaminated to the extent that vapor concentrations from the bagged item exceed 0.0001 mg/m for agent VX or 0.003 mg/m for agent HD. 

As Table 2-1 shows, the treatment of the mustard agent (HD) resulted in stack concentrations, DRE, operating temperatures, carbon monoxide concentrations, stack particulate concentrations, and hydrogen chloride emissions that were all within required limits for all four test mns. At the time the trial bum report was prepared, no limits had been established for metals. However, the report notes that the measured concentrations were very close to the detection limits in all cases (U.S. Army, 1992). It is not clear whether the low concentrations were due to low metals content in the agent stream or to the effective removal of metals during processing. 

U.S. Army. 1999b. JACADS Metal Parts Furnace 4.2-inch HD Mortar Projectiles Trial Bum Report. Vol. I, Exhibit 1. MPF Agent HD Trial Burn... 

The entire inventory of munitions at the PCD contains mustard agent. Most projectiles contain agent HD, which is distilled P,P -dichloroethyl sulfide. Some contain HT, a 60 40 eutectic mixture of HD and bis[2-(2-chloroethylthio)-ethyl] ether. All munitions may contain manufacturing byproducts or impurities, degradation products, and inorganic residues. 

G.L. Gresham, G.S. Groenewold, A.D. Appelhans, J.E. Olson, M.T. Benson, M.T. Jeffery, B. Rowland and M.A. Weibel, Static secondary ionization mass spectrometry and mass spectrom-etry/mass spectrometry (MS2) characterization of the chemical warfare agent HD on soil particle surfaces, Ini. J. Mass Spectrom., 208, 135-145 (2001). 

Sage, G.W. and P.H. Howard. 1989. Environmental Fate Assessments of Chemical Agents HD and VX. CRDECCR-034, Aberdeen Proving... 

Watson and Griffin (1992) have summarized information on the distribution of unitary chemical weapon stockpiles in the USA. The chemical and physical properties of sulfur mustard (agent HD) are shown in Table 8.2. 

Mustard agent HD/HT hydrolysate is the only hydrolysate expected to be produced at PCAPP. Uncontaminated energetics are to be shipped offsite, and any contaminated energetics would be processed in an explosive destruction technology unit. 

Mar-93 JACADS (Chemical Event) Munitions demilitarization building (MDB) Ratheon Engineering and Constructors worker potentially exposed to mustard agent (HD). Worker developed blister(s) on leg after handling HD-contaminated waste materials. 

Figure 1. Primary hydrolysis pathways of agent HD in the environment...

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