Aerospace industry resins

In the aerospace industry, resinous polymers encompass a wide variety of hardware applications for aircraft, missiles, and space structures. In aircraft, resins are used as a matrix material for primary (flight-dependent) and secondary fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) structures, adhesives for the bonding of metal and composite hardware components, electronic circuit board materials, sealants, and radomes. Missile applications include equipment sections, motor cases, nose cones, cartjon-carbon composites for engine nozzles, adhesive bonding, and electronics. As the exploration of outer space intensifies, applications will become even more exotic. FRC will be used to construct telescopes, antennas, satellites, and eventually housing and other platform structures where special properties such as weight, stiffness, and dimensional stability are important. 

Electrical Applications. The largest application of PTFE is for hookup and hookup-type wire used in electronic equipment in the military and aerospace industries. Coaxial cables, the second largest appHcation, use tapes made from fine powder resins and some from granular resin. Interconnecting wire appHcations include airframes. Other electrical appHcations include computer wire, electrical tape, electrical components, and spaghetti tubing. 

Boron filaments are formed by the chemical vapor deposition of boron trichloride on tungsten wire. High performance reinforcing boron fibers are available from 10—20 mm in diameter. These are used mainly in epoxy resins and aluminum and titanium. Commercial uses include golf club shafts, tennis and squash racquets, and fishing rods. The primary use is in the aerospace industry. 

Eor more demanding uses at higher temperatures, for example, in aircraft and aerospace and certain electrical and electronic appHcations, multifunctional epoxy resin systems based on epoxy novolac resins and the tetraglycidyl amine of methylenedianiline are used. The tetraglycidyl amine of methylenedianiline is currently the epoxy resin most often used in advance composites. Tetraglycidyl methylenedianiline [28768-32-3] (TGALDA) cured with diamino diphenyl sulfone [80-08-0] (DDS) was the first system to meet the performance requirements of the aerospace industry and is still used extensively. 

If one amino group in o-phenylenediamine is converted to an amide group by formic acid, the intermediate benzimidazole is formed. This reaction, conducted with a wide range of reactants, produces resins (polybenzimidazoles) used as high-temperature adhesives for laminates in the aerospace industry. Heat insulation is made by including tiny bubbles of silica and all... 

Observations for cured epoxy resins and resins derived from 1,2-polybutadlene crosslinked with t-butylstyrene are reported. These resins find applications in aerospace industry, including high performance, Kevlar 49, filament wound, pressure vessels on Skylab and the Space Shuttle. 

Resin type Performance Processing Cost Aerospace industry Automotive industry... 

Following this initial period of polyimide development, interest reached a steady-state and remained there until the late 1970s. During this time a major impetus to the polyimide area was provided by the aerospace industry. The need for composite matrix resins as well as structural adhesives with excellent oxidative and thermal stability appeared to be at least partially met by polyimide type resins. Ultimately, requirements of high flow and low void content in relatively thick parts directed these efforts into different directions. Another upswing occurred in the early 1980s with the potential application of... 

A growing specialty application for acrylonitrile is in the manufacture of carbon fibres. These are produced by pyrolysis of oriented polyacrylonitrile fibres and are used to reinforce composites for high-performance applications in the aircraft, defence and aerospace industries. Other minor specialty applications of acrylonitrile are in the production of fatty amines, ion exchange resins and fatty amine amides used in cosmetics, adhesives, corrosion inhibitors and water-treatment resins (Brazdil, 1991). 

Boron Trichloride. Approximately 75-95% of the BC13 consumed in the United States is used to prepare boron filaments by CVD (7). These high performance fibers are used to reinforce composite materials (qv) made from epoxy resins and metals (Al, Ti). The principal markets for such composites are aerospace industries and sports equipment manufacturers. 

Engineering thermoplastics have also been used in preimpregnated constructions. The thermoplastic is thoroughly dispersed as a continuous phase in glass, other resins, carbon fibers (qv), or other reinforcement. Articles can be produced from these constructions using thermoforming techniques. For example, the aerospace industry uses polyetheretherketone (PEEK) in woven carbon-fiber tapes (26). Experimental uses of other composite constructions have been reported (27) (see also COMPOSITE MATERIALS, POLYMER-MATRIX). 

These resins, extensively used in the aerospace industry, consist of an epoxy resin component, often based on epichlorohydrin and a curing agent, and comprise the following epoxy or glycidyl group ... 

The early aerospace adhesives were primarily based on epoxy resin chemistry. However, unique applications requiring high temperatures and fatigue resistance have forced the development of epoxy-phenolic, epoxy-nitrile, epoxy-nylon, and epoxy-vinyl adhesives specifically for this industry. The aerospace industry has led in the development and utilization of these epoxy-hybrid adhesives. 

These hybrid epoxy adhesives are generally used for demanding structural applications such as in the aerospace industry where the optimal properties from each component are desired. For example, epoxy is generally used to provide good adhesion and processing characteristics. They are blended with the following resins to provide additional improvements in the properties noted. 

Epoxy-nitrile Nitrile-epoxy adhesives are composed of solid epoxy resin modified with carboxyl-terminated butadiene nitrile (CTBN) copolymer. The CBTN is introduced into die epoxy resin at elevated temperatures. The modification provides toughness and high peel strength without sacrificing heat and chemical resistance. The film adhesives are widely used in the aerospace industry in the construction of jetliners. 

Savia, Epoxy Resin Adhesives, and Politi, Structural Adhesives in the Aerospace Industry. ... 

Epoxy resins bind graphite and polymer fibers into laminates used in the aerospace industry. 

The work described herein relates primarily to lamination and bonding processes. However, the techniques are generic to most forms of thermoset resin processing. In the discussion which follows many of the resin systems contain glycidyl amines. The bulk of the epoxy formulations used in the aerospace industry today are based on tetraglycidylmethylenedianiline, I (TGMDA) and with diaminodi phenylsulfone, II (DOS). Systems based on... 

The aerospace industry has developed fabrication and testing procedures for resins that are radically different from those traditionally used with metals. However, little is known about the long-term durability of these relatively new nonmetallic composites, and their full potential has not been realized. By most standards, these materials are considered extremely stable, and if deleterious aging reactions occur, they are slow, requiring many years to cause component failure. 

Bis(maleimides) have been nsefnl in many applications, including the electronic indns-tries, as materials for printed circnit boards and insulators, and in the aerospace industries in matrix resins for strnctnral composites. Alternative polyimide systems have been investigated which are formed via the free-radical polymerization of the maleimide ring. 

Liquid composite molding (LCM) processes such as resin transfer molding (RTM) have been long established in the automotive and aerospace industries as versatile technologies for manufacturing medium to large composite parts with complex geometries at low cost. All LCM processes involve the injection of a liquid resin into a dry fiber perform, and are... 

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