Anatomical Considerations

Mitral-granule cell interactions Anatomical considerations 

Capillaries are the exchange vessels of the body. They have structural variations to allow different levels of metabolic exchange (of exogenous and endogenous substances) between blood and the surrounding tissues. The structure of the walls varies depending on their resident tissue. There are three major types of blood capillaries continuous fenestrated and sinusoidal (discontinuous) [1]  

Most gene therapy applications require extravasation of the DNA carriers so that only relative small DNA complexes can pass through the blood vessels and interact directly with parenchymal cells after vascular administration [2]. Under pathophysiological conditions, the structure of the vasculature can change. This phenomenon - termed the enhanced permeation effect - has been utilized to passively target macromolecules to tumors, since blood vessels in tumors are relatively more leaky. 

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The factors governing lung deposition may be divided into those related to the physicochemical properties of the droplets or particles being delivered, the mechanical aspects of aerosol dispersion usually associated with the delivery device, and the physiological and anatomical considerations associated with the biology of the lungs. 

As the monograph is intended primarily for chemists, some attempt has been made to indicate certain of the underlying physiological and anatomical considerations involved (Chapter m and elsewhere). It is hoped that this clarification of some of the fundamental biological aspects will enable the oiganic chemist to appreciate the applications of the compounds... 

Rappaport AM. Anatomical considerations. In Schiff L, ed. Diseases of the Liver. Philadelphia J.B. Lippincott, 1969. 

Daly, J.M., Kemeny, N., Oderman, R, Botel, X Long-term hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Anatomic considerations, operative technique, and treatment morbidity. Arch. Surg. 1984 119 936-941... 

Greenlee J. Anatomic considerations in central nervous system infections. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. New York Churchill-Livingstone 1995 821-831. 

Procedural success rates for AF ablation depend on numerous factors, including type of AF (paroxysmal, persistent, or long-lasting persistent), clinical and anatomic considerations, ablation technique, and definition... 

Mitral-granule cell interactions Anatomical considerations... 

This section has focused on quantitative models and control of the fast eye movement system. Each of the oculomotor plant models described here are linear. Beginning with the most simple quantitative model of saccades by Westhiemer [1954], important characteristics of saccades were determined as a means of evaluating the quality of saccade models. Next, models of increasing complexity were presented with the end goal of constructing a homeomorphic saccade model of the oculomotor plant. These plant models were driven by improved models of muscle that ultimately provided an excellent match of the static and dynamic properties of rectus eye muscle. Finally, the control of saccades was considered from the basis of systems control theory and anatomical considerations. Many nonlinear models of the oculomotor plant exist and readers interested in learning about them should consult [Robinson, 1981]. 

As mentioned above, status of the internal iliac arteries is an important anatomic consideration in the treatment of aortoiliac aneurysms. Indications for embolization of IIA in association with EVAR include aneurysm of the IIA or ectatic or aneurysmal common iliac artery (CIA) involving the origin of IIA. Additionally, extension of stent-graft into the external iliac artery (El A) may become necessary if the CIA is judged to be too short for adequate or safe anchoring of the device or if there is a distal type-I endoleak. This will lead to loss of antegrade flow in the IIA. 

With this practical application in mind, we arranged the chapters mainly according to the different disorders of the female pelvis and not with regard to technical aspects of the imaging modalities or strictly anatomic considerations. The main chapters dealing with the different disorders are preceded by an interesting presentation of a new interpretation of the anatomy of the female pelvis and a general introduction to state-of-the-art CT and MRI techniques. 

Pickett BP, Cail WS, Lambert PR (1995) Sinus tympani anatomic considerations, computed tomography, and a discussion of the retrofacial approach for removal of disease. Am J Otol 16 741-750... 

Anatomical Considerations 458 Histophysiology 459 Adrenocortical Hormones 460 Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis Metabolic Effects of Corticoid Hormones Properties of ACTH Cushing s Syndrome... 

Anatomical Considerations The adrenal gland is supplied by three groups of arteries the superior, middle, and inferior adrenals arise from the inferior phrenic, aorta, and renal arteries, respectively. Infrequently, they originate elsewhere. The number of vessels in each group is quite variable. 

Anatomic Consideration The internal iliac arteries, the blood supply to the viscera of the true pelvis, are readily approached after femoral arterial access. The ipsilateral internal iliac artery is usually catheterized with a reverse curve catheter configuration and the contralateral internal iliac artery is usually accessed following passage over the aortic bifurcation with a forward seeking cobra catheter. On rare occasions because of atherosclerotic stenosis or occlusion of one femoral artery, two catheters (4-5 F) can be... 

Anatomic Considerations The bladder is supplied by the superior and inferior vesical arteries derived from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. With anatomic variation, the vesical arteries may originate from the obturator and inferior gluteal arteries, and in the female, additional branches are derived from the uterine and vaginal arteries. When... 

Anatomic Considerations The uterus, corpus, and cervix are supplied by the uterine arteries, which originate from the anterior divisions of each internal iliac artery. It usually has a U configuration the descending portion along the pelvic side walls, the transverse portion becomes more tortuous with pregnancies and with age, and the ascending portion. 

Anatomic Considerations The internal pudendal artery, a terminal branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery supplies the external genitalia. With extension to inguinal and iliac lymph nodes, additional supply originates from the obturator branch of the internal iliac artery, the inferior epigastric artery from the external iliac artery and the superficial epigastric artery and the superficial and deep external pudendal branches of the common femoral arteries. 

Anatomical considerations Central bronchogenic carcinomas are supplied by the bronchial arteries. 

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