Inhalants aerosols

Heat exchanger surfaces need to he kept clean. Aqueous circuits (evaporator or condenser) can he cleaned with a chemical such as sulphamic acid, brushed or subjected to high-pressure water jets. In each case, all traces of dirt and chemical need to be removed from the circuit before it is put back to work. In cases of doubt, the manufacturer s advice should be sought. A layer of scale 2 mm thick on a condenser tube can cause a power increase of 16%, and the need to clean a condenser can usually be deduced from the condensing pressure. Persons using high-pressure water jets should wear face masks to avoid inhaling aerosol droplets. 

The therapeutic utility of systemically administered ASON had been limited by their short plasma half life (sometimes even less than 3 min). This is due to their sensitivity to nuclease digestion. When the first-generation ASON were chemically modified, e.g., by replacing the oxygen in the phosphodiester bond with sulfur (phosphorothiorate) they obtained an increased stability in biological fluids while their antisense effect has been maintained. First-generation agents can be delivered via intravitreal injection, parenterally, by topical cream, enema, and inhaled aerosol. These antisense... 

A. J. Hickey, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992. 

S. P. Newman, Deposition and Effects of Inhalation Aerosols, AB DRACO (subsidiary to ASTRA), Lund, Sweden, 1983. 

I Gonda. Targeting by Deposition. In AJ Hickey, ed. Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology. New York Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1992, pp. 61-82. 

TF Hatch, P Gross. Physical factors in respiratory deposition of aerosols. In Pulmonary Deposition and Retention of Inhaled Aerosols. New York Academic Press, 1964, pp. 27 43. 

M Sacchetti, MM Van Oort. Spray-drying and supercritical fluid particle generation techniques. Inhalation Aerosols Physical and Biological Basis for Therapy 1996 337-384. 

Highest Inhalation aerosols Injectables Sterile powders Injection ... 

Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Anthony J. Hickey... 

Erichleb, M., Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin administered intratracheally or as an inhalation aerosol to guinea pigs, Drug Metab. Dispos. 1984, 12, 641-614. 

Subsequently, individual data on exposure are converted to dose by using conversion factors (OECD/NEA, 1983). The choice of the appropriate numerical value depends on physiological parameters (e.g. respiratory minute volume) as well as physical characteristics of the inhaled aerosol (e.g. particle size). Mean values range typically from about 5 mSv/WLM (non-occupational exposure) to about 10 mSv/WLM (occupational exposure). 

ALBUTEROL INHALATION AEROSOL 17GM CONTAINER 200 METERED SPRAYS 6505011169245 PG 3.18 ... 

Harrison, L.I., D.Donnell, I.L.Simmons, B.P.Ekholm, K.M.Cooper, and PJ.Wyld. 1996. Twenty-eight-day double-blind safety study of an HFA-134a inhalation aerosol system in healthy subjects. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 48 596-600. 

In general, slow, deep inhalation followed by a period of breath holding increases the deposition of aerosols in the peripheral parts of the lungs, whereas rapid inhalation increases the deposition in the oropharynx and in the large central airways. Thus, the frequency of respiration (the flow velocity) and the depth of breath (tidal volume) influence the pattern of pulmonary penetration and deposition of inhaled aerosols. Therefore, an aerosol of ideal size will penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract and the lungs only when the aerosols are inhaled in the correct manner (Sackner, 1978 and Sackner et al., 1975). 

Hatch, T.F. and Gross, P. (1964). Pulmonary Deposition and Retention of Inhaled Aerosols. Academic Press, New York, pp. 16-17, 51-52, 147-168. 

McFadden, E.R., Jr. (1986). Inhaled Aerosol Bronchodilators. Williams Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 40-41. 

Newman, S.P., Moren, F., Pavia, D., Corrado, O. and Clarke, S.W. (1981). The effects of changes in metered volume and propellant vapour pressure on the deposition of pressurized inhalation aerosols. Ini. J. Pharm. 11 337-344. 

The available data on retention in the respiratory tract, as summarized by Mitchell (M6) indicate that upwards of 20% of inhaled aerosols are retained in the respiratory tract, approaching 100% for particles over 5 microns in diameter. The order of retention follows reasonably well what would be expected from the physics of the various deposition mechanisms assuming that once deposited a particle is retained by the surface. This would,... 

Ma J, Bhat M, Rojanasakul Y (1996) Drug metabolism and enzyme kinetics in the lung. In Hickey AJ (ed.) Inhalation Aerosols. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York. 

Niven RW (1995) Delivery of biotherapeutics by inhalation aerosol. In Bruck SD (ed.) Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. Begell House Inc, New York, pp 151-231. 

The provision of optimal drug action through inhalation therapy (such as inhalants and inhalation aerosols)... 

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