Aerosol for inhalation

The consequences of lack of selectivity can often be avoided if the drug does not require the blood route to reach the target organ, but is, instead, applied locally, as in the administration of parasympatholytics in the form of eye drops or in an aerosol for inhalation. 

Nebulizers are devices for converting aqueous solutions or micronized suspensions of drag into an aerosol for inhalation, although the drug formulations are, wherever possible, aqueous solutions. Selection of appropriate salts and pH adjustment will usually permit the desired concentration to be achieved. If this is... 

Burton EG, Clarke MI, Miller RA et al. (1982). Generalizations and characteristics of red phosphorus smoke aerosols for inhalation exposure of laboratory animals. Am Indust Hyg Assoc J, 43, 767-772. 

Bronchodilation is another property of belladonna alkaloids of potential usefulness. Due to relaxation of the smooth musculature of bronchial passageways, this effect has found applications in asthma and other pulmonary obstructive conditions. At one time the smoking of cigarettes made of stramonium leaves was popular. More recently, atropine, quater-nized with isopropyl bromide (Ipratropium, Fig. 8-13) has been introduced as an aerosol for inhalation. This renewed interest in antimuscarinics resulted in part from clarifications of the role of the parasympathetic system in bronchial obstructions. The availability of a potent agent such as atropine in a poorly absorbed form (i.e., quatemized) would minimize systemic effects following inhalation. Ipratropium bromide does not cross the BBB. It is longer acting and more bronchoselective than atropine methylbromide and exhibits no CNS effects. 

Caton, J.E., J.R. Stokely, and M.R. Guerin Depletion of constiments in contained smoke aerosols for inhalation exposure dosimetry 29th Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 29, Paper No. 50, 1975, p. 33. 

Newman SP, Pellow PGD, Clarke SW. Droplet size distributions of nebulised aerosols for inhalation therapy. Phys Physiol Meas 1986 7 139-146. 

Westerman EM (2009) Studies on antibiotic aerosols for inhalation in cystic fibrosis. Thesis University of Groningen. http /Ars.ub.rug. nl/ppn/318727110... 

The oral toxicity of levorin A, a recently reported heptaene macrolide, was studied in laboratory animals. A dose of 30 mg/kg per day appeared to be safe.A soluble sodium salt was employed with considerable success as an aerosol for inhalation therapy of patients with Candida infection of the lungs and bronchi. ... 

Annex 10 Manufacture of Pressurised Metered Dose Aerosol Preparations for Inhalation Annex 11 Computerised Systems... 

Inhalation preparations— These can be solutions, suspensions, orpowders intended to be inhaled as aerosols for administration to the lung. 

The ICRP (1994b, 1995) developed a Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection, which contains respiratory tract deposition and clearance compartmental models for inhalation exposure that may be applied to particulate aerosols of americium compounds. The ICRP (1986, 1989) has a biokinetic model for human oral exposure that applies to americium. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) has also developed a respiratory tract model for inhaled radionuclides (NCRP 1997). At this time, the NCRP recommends the use of the ICRP model for calculating exposures for radiation workers and the general public. Readers interested in this topic are referred to NCRP Report No. 125 Deposition, Retention and Dosimetry of Inhaled Radioactive Substances (NCRP 1997). In the appendix to the report, NCRP provides the animal testing clearance data and equations fitting the data that supported the development of the human mode for americium. 

Experiments in which mice, rats, and dogs were exposed to inhalation of high concentrations of radon progeny on natural aerosols for prolonged... 

Vomiting Inhaled concentration of vapor or aerosolized agent necessary to induce significant nausea and vomiting in half of the exposed population. These values are expressed as a concentration (ppm for gases, mg/m3 for aerosols) for a 2-min exposure. 

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