Occurrence, probability

Tlie oval symbol represents a probability or failure rate. A diamond is an event that is not developed because the preparer did not know what to do or thought it insignificant. A house-top is an expected occurrence (probability of one). Rectangles identify and explain gates. 

FMEA is a quantitative risk analysis for complex systems (Fig. 6). As this approach involves assessment of occurrence probabilities, detection of failures, and judgment as to the severity of a failure, it should only be chosen if some practical experience with the technical system is available. Each of the three values will be assigned a number from 1 to 5. Multiplying these values results in the risk priority number. This number indicates the priority of the assessed failure. The pure version of the FMEA is seldom practiced in the pharmaceutical industry. 

Equation (10) shows that the isomer shift IS is a direct measure of the total electronic density at the probe nucleus. This density derives almost exclusively from 5-type orbitals, which have non-zero electron densities at the nucleus. Band electrons, which have non-zero occurrence probabilities at the nucleus and 5-type conduction electrons in metals may also contribute, but to a lesser extent. Figure 3 shows the linear correlation that is observed between the experimental values of Sb Mossbauer isomer shift and the calculated values of the valence electron density at the nucleus p (0). The total electron density at the nucleus p C ) (Eq. 10) is the sum of the valence electron density p (0) and the core electron density p (0), which is assumed to be constant. This density is not only determined by the 5-electrons themselves but also by the screening by other outer electrons p-, d-, or /-electrons) and consequently by the ionicity or covalency and length of the chemical bonds. IS is thus a probe of the formal oxidation state of the isotope under investigation and of the crystal field around it (high- and low-spin Fe may be differentiated). The variation of IS with temperature can be used to determine the Debye temperature of a compound (see Eq. (13)). 

In equation (4) / denotes a distribution width parameter that describes the occurrence probability for angular distortions of the solvation complex from cubic symmetry (fi oiv = 4,6,8). For a sharp lateral geometry 2 -> 0, i.e. the first term in equation (4) vanishes. This means... 

M denotes the unit cell type rj,j= 1,..., 3 are the symmetry elements along the three axes Sj, j= 1,..., 3 are the symmetry elements perpendicular to the axes. The occurrence probabilities for the axes are ... 

When we have a system with more than one species, as in the case of boron implantation in silicon, it is also important to identify the final location of the implanted atom, critical in this particular example, since the activation of the dopant will depend on this configuration. The different possibilities for a stable configuration of boron in a silicon lattice, together with their occurrence probability are shown in Table 1. It must be emphasized with high probability that a boron atom has to occupy a substitutional site, called B. ... 

A chemically pure compound, such as 99.99 % vanillin, is in fact a complex mixture of isotopomers, themselves a combination of isotopes of the elements concerned (C, H and 0), and distributed according to their isotopic abundances. Probability rules predict 884736 isotopomers of vanillin molecule, C8H803. At the natural abundance of the stable isotopes of C, H and O (Table 1) the light isotopomer of vanillin, 12C81H81603, has an occurrence probability of 0.90685, whereas the heavy isotopomer, 13C82HgI803, has only a 6.4478 E-55 chance of occurring in nature. In other words, we would have to produce a mass of vanillin much larger than the mass of the Sun to be able to observe its heavy isotopomer ... 

Numerous instances of isostructurality among Hofmann clathrates. M(NH3)2M (CN)4 2G, are known, the high frequency of occurrence probably owing to the fact that this family of inclusion compounds has been studied extensively over a long period. In addition, isostructurality can manifest itself in different ways, e.g., with either M. M fixed and guest G variable or with M, M variable and a common guest. An example in the former category... 

But, no statistical, historical performance measurement system can assess the quality of safety in place that encompasses low probability-high consequence incidents since such events seldom appear in the statistical history. Example A risk assessment concludes that a defined catastrophic event, one that has not happened and is not represented in the statistical base, has an occurrence probability of once in 200 plant operating years.)... 

Incidents for which consequences are graded as catastrophic and critical must be addressed. Most such incidents would have low occurrence probabilities. In the decision-making for those events, an organization s culture would be determinant—its values, its concern for its employees and the public, its sense of responsibility, and its assumptions with respect to the risk it can bear. 

Realizations of the potentials of hazards have various occurrence probabilities, and severities of consequences. Definitions of probability and severity can be tailored to suit particular needs. 

Note Male body odors (M1-M15) were presented to subjects no. 1-5 (S1-S5). Female body odors (F1-F15) were presented to subjects no. 6-10 (S6-S10). The p-value refers to the occurrence probability of the odorous stimuli during the experiment (total no. of trials = 200). 

In the operational scope the assurance of processes continuity can be treated as a manner of the reaction to the operational risk created by the crucial threats with small occurrence probability. The assurance of the processes continuity should have ground on the realisation of breakdown activities until the state before the breakdown. On the operation level it can be conducted in the system way, so - in the reaction on the effects of the critical threats - by the use of proper organisational structure as well as procedures oriented to the realisation of the basic operational processes in the situation of the risk materialisation. 

The transition probabilities must be strictly differentiated from the occurrence probabilities. The occurrence probabilities for a unit, a diad consisting of two units, etc., are identical to the mole fractions, that is (see also... 

For the computation of occurrence probabilities of self-avoiding polygon patches, all vertices of the patch were taken into account. If the self-avoiding walk patch has n vertices x G A(1F), where i = 1,..., n, the acceptance domain is VF" = rii( and the occurrence probability is given by the ratio between the areas of W and W, see also [40]. 

As the design process matures, the system architecture is incorporated into the occurrence probability declaration to complete the FHA in the final SSA. 

In the paper there are presented analysis of most probable scenarios and their probabilities, assessment of disturbance occurrence probabilities. 

Risk assessment of nuclear power plants is based on evaluation of core damage frequency (CDF). Thus we consider 1st and 2nd task category. Task category 1 defines all initiating events, which damage the reactor core. Task category 2 is focused to assess initiating events occurrence probability and to assess safety related systems malfunction probability. 

Ammunition fulfils its function only at a shot. The lasting of a shot is very short in order of several milhseconds. That is why we use a failure occurrence probability as an indicator for safety risks. The ammimition belongs to the gronp of one-shot weapon systems (Vintr Vahs 2007). 

The quantification of measures of failure occurrence probability Qi(t) - Qiv(t) includes only those failures that belong to the given failure category. 

Because of the low number of events, the inhomogeneity of the sample (e. g. different levels of detail of the event descriptions), and the considerable uncertainty related to the limited knowledge about the safety features of the respective reactors, a statistical analysis of the results with respect to occurrence probabilities or other characteristics is not appropriate. 

Event D Repair is not finished successfully within defined time T and costs more than N. The maintenance task is not completed and this event occurrence probability is given by relationship ... 

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