Problems Sodium

The sodium problem may now be tackled. We find the following data ... 

Now, we have the tools we need to solve our sodium problem. Suppose we want to know the mass of sodium in 15 g of NaCl. The chemical formula gives us the relationship between moles of Na and moles of NaCl ... 

A furtlier problem is tire influence of tire ratlier unusual—from tire physiological viewpoint—salt conditions necessary for crystallization. It should not be presumed tliat proteins embedded in a crystal are in tlieir most common native stmcture. It is well known tliat, witli tire exception of sodium or potassium chloride, which are not very useful for inducing crystallization, salts change key protein parameters such as tire melting temperature [19]. 

The problem with removing large amounts of formic acid by distillation is that it takes a long time to do so. Really big batches can take an entire day to distill. So a second option [10] after removal of the acetone would be to cool the formic acid solution then extract the whole thing with ether. The black ether layer is then washed with an ice cold 5% sodium carbonate (Na2C03) solution to neutralize any formic acid that was carried over, then washed... 

Oxidation of 4 ten butylthiane (see Problem 16 23 for the structure of thiane) with sodium metaperiodate gives a mixture of two compounds of molecular formula CpHigOS Both products give the same sulfone on further oxidation with hydrogen peroxide What is the relationship between the two compounds ... 

Xanthation. The viscose process is based on the ready solubiUty of the xanthate derivative of ceUulose in dilute sodium hydroxide. The reaction between alkaU ceUulose and carbon disulfide must therefore be as uniform as possible to avoid problems with incompletely dissolved pulp fibers that wUl later have to be filtered out of the viscous solution. 

Cleady, fiee sodium hydroxide in alkali ceUulose leaving the sluiiy presses causes problems in xanthation, and the presses have to be operated to rninirnize... 

Many procedures have been studied for detoxification of aflatoxkis, including heat and treatment with ammonia, methylamine, or sodium hydroxide coupled with extraction from an acetone—hexane—water solvent system. Because ki detoxification it is important to free the toxki from cellular constituents to which it is bound, a stabifi2ation of protekis uskig a tanning compound such as acetaldehyde (qv) or glutaraldehyde may be a solution to the problem (98). 

Electrolysis. GalHum can be extracted by direct electrolysis of the aluminate solution at a strongly agitated mercury cathode. The recovery from a sodium gallate solution resulting from the carbonation process is another possibiHty. This process is probably no longer operative because of the environmental problems associated with the mercury. 

Although 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde can be made by the saligenin route, it has been made historically by the Reimer-Tiemann process, which also produces sahcylaldehyde (64). Treatment of phenol with chloroform and aqueous sodium hydroxide results in the formation of benzal chlorides, which are rapidly hydrolyzed by the alkaline medium into aldehydes. Acidification of the phenoxides results in the formation of the final products, sahcylaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The ratio of ortho and para isomers is flexible and can be controlled within certain limits. The overall reaction scheme is shown in Figure 1. Product separation is accomphshed by distillation, but this process leads to environmental problems because of the quantities of sodium chloride produced. 

Several antimicrobials have been banned or severely restricted by the EPA based on documented or suspected toxicity or environmental problems. Others have been discontinued in the face of testing costs required by the EPA reregistration program mandated by the Pederal Insecticide, Pungicide, and Rodenticide Act (PIPRA) of 1988 (10). Some of the significant products that have become obsolete are 2,4,5-trichlorophenol/P3 -5 3 -47, sodium... 

A problem common to produced water appHcations is the tendency for oil fouling of the resin. If weak acid or chelate resins are used, a two-step regeneration process is required which uses acid to remove calcium and magnesium from the resin, foUowed by a dilute NaOH solution to convert the resin to the sodium form. 

The oxidation-number system is easily extended to include other coordination compounds. Even the interesting substances represented by the formulas Na4Ni(CN)4 and K4Pd(CN)4 create no nomenclature problem they become sodium tetracyanonickelate(0) and potassium tetracyanopaHadate(0), respectively. 

The toxicity of sodium peroxoborate hexahydrate in solution is equivalent to those of sodium borate and hydrogen peroxide. The LD q (mouse, oral) is 1060 mg/kg (2). Local use of high concentrations in the mouth can cause chemical bums and other problems (25). No TLV has been estabhshed. 

Scrap that is unsuitable for recycling into products by the primary aluminum producers is used in the secondary aluminum industry for castings that have modest property requirements. Oxide formation and dross buildup are encountered in the secondary aluminum industry, and fluxes are employed to assist in the collection of dross and removal of inclusions and gas. Such fluxes are usually mixtures of sodium and potassium chlorides. Fumes and residues from these fluxes and treatment of dross are problems of environmental and economic importance, and efforts are made to reclaim both flux and metal values in the dross. 

---