Adipic acid propylene glycol

Note that the terminal groups on the polymers prepared in reactions 1 and 2 are free hydroxyls. Thus, if a diisocyanate is reacted with a mixture of these two polymers the adipic acid-propylene glycol ester polymer may be linked to the polyethylene glycol. The final polymer contains blocks of ester and polyglycol joined by a urethane linkage and is known as a block polymer. It is interesting to note that only a small amount of isocyanate is required since the number of free hydroxyls is very few. 

In addition to MA, phthalic anhydride, and ethylene glycol, other common intermediates used for the production of unsaturated polyesters are fumaric acid, isophthalic acid, adipic acid, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and dipropylene glycol. Table 12.1 provides a summary of both common and specialty building blocks used in polyesters and contributions made by these intermediates to the properties of the products. Recycled polyethylene terephthalate beverage bottles may one day become an important raw material for unsaturated polyester resin production, providing an alternative for a substantial part of the petroleum-based intermediates. 

PVC can be blended with numerous other polymers to give it better processability and impact resistance. For the manufacture of food contact materials the following polymerizates and/or polymer mixtures from polymers manufactured from the above mentioned starting materials can be used Chlorinated polyolefins blends of styrene and graft copolymers and mixtures of polystyrene with polymerisate blends butadiene-acrylonitrile-copolymer blends (hard rubber) blends of ethylene and propylene, butylene, vinyl ester, and unsaturated aliphatic acids as well as salts and esters plasticizerfrec blends of methacrylic acid esters and acrylic acid esters with monofunctional saturated alcohols (Ci-C18) as well as blends of the esters of methacrylic acid butadiene and styrene as well as polymer blends of acrylic acid butyl ester and vinylpyrrolidone polyurethane manufactured from 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1.4-butandiol and aliphatic polyesters from adipic acid and glycols. 

Polyurethane is also used as a foam, mostly in sheet form as an underlay or middle layer for example in fruit bins. The following starting materials for polyurethane foam can be used polyester with hydroxyl end groups made from adipic acid, diethylene glycol, trimethylol propane as well as polyether based on ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide with free hydroxyl groups in combination with 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate. Stabilizers, dispersants and amines (as catalysts in amounts up to 1.2 %) can be used. 

Blends of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acid)s (PHAs) with various natural and synthetic polymers have been reported as reviewed in Refs. [21,22]. By blending with synthetic polymers it is expected to control the biodegradability, to improve several properties, and to reduce the production cost of bacterially synthesized PHAs. The polymers investigated as the blending partners of PHAs include poly(ethylene oxide) [92, 93], poly(vinyl acetate) [94], poly(vinylidene fluoride) [95], ethylene propylene rubber [94, 96], po-ly(epichlorohydrin) [97, 98], poly(e-caprolactone) [99], aliphatic copolyesters of adipic acid/ethylene glycole/lactic acid [100] and of e-caprolactone/lactide... 

The starting point in the prepration of these rubbers is a polyester prepared by reacting a glycol such as ethylene or propylene glycol with adipic acid. This is then reacted with an excess of a bulky di-isocyanate such as 1,5-naphthylene di-isoyanate (Figure 27.3). 

Both polyethers and polyesters may be used as polyols. For example, Du Pont use polytetrahydrofuran for Lycra whilst US Rubber originally used a polyester of molecular mass of about 2000 obtained by condensing adipic acid with a mixture of ethylene and propylene glycols. A polyether-based mixture was used for Vyrene 2 introduced in 1967. All the polyols have terminal hydroxyl groups. 

Hydroxy-terminated polyester (HTPS) is made from diethylene glycol and adipic acid, and hydroxy-terminated polyether (HTPE) is made from propylene glycol. Hydroxy-terminated polyacetylene (HTPA) is synthesized from butynediol and paraformaldehyde and is characterized by acetylenic triple bonds. The terminal OH groups of these polymers are cured with isophorone diisocyanate. Table 4.3 shows the chemical properties of typical polymers and prepolymers used in composite propellants and explosives.E4 All of these polymers are inert, but, with the exception of HTPB, contain relatively high oxygen contents in their molecular structures. 

Fumaric and itaconic acids are also used as the diacid component. Most reaction formulations involve a mixture of a saturated diacid (iso- and terephthalic, adipic) with the unsaturated diacid or anhydride in appropriate proportions to control the density of crosslinking (which depends on the carbon-carbon double-bond content of the prepolymer) for specific applications [Parker and Peffer, 1977 Selley, 1988], Propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, diethylene glycol, and bisphenol A are also used in place of ethylene glycol as the diol component. Aromatic reactants are used in the formulation to improve the hardness, rigidity, and heat resistance of the crosslinked product. Halogenated reactants are used to impart flame resistance. 

Methanol Formaldehyde Ethylene Propylene oxide Phenol 1,4-Butanediol Tetrahydrofuran Ethylene glycol Adipic acid Isocyanates Styrene Methyl methacrylate Methyl formate Two-step, via CH4 steam reforming Three-step, via methanol Cracking of naphtha Co-product with t-butyl alcohol or styrene Co-product with acetone Reppe acetylene chemistry Multi-step Hydration of ethylene oxide Multi-step Phosgene chemistry Co-product with propylene oxide Two-step, via methacrolein Three-step, via methanol... 

Thermoset polymeric esters consisting of neopentyl glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylol propane, adipic acid, maleic anhydride, and 2-ethyl hexanol were prepared by McAlvin et al. (3) and were used in blends containing styrene monomer. The mixture was cured by pultrusion and had improved weatherabil-ity characteristics. 

Polyesters from propylene glycol and dicarboxylic acids, especially adipic and sebacic acid, are commercial products suggested for PVC as well as for cellulose esters. The well known Paraplex resins of Rohm Haas, which are compatible with nitrile and GRS rubber, belong to this group. Other products are the Ultramolls of Farbenfabriken Bayer. Some polyesters of this type have a tendency to exude on storage, especially if esterification is not complete. 

Esters Apiezon L benzyldiphenyl carbowax 20M cyclodextrin acetate diethylene glycol adipate di-(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate diisodecyl phthalate dimer acid/OV-1 (50/50, v/v) Hallcomid M18 neopentyl glycol succinate propylene glycol SE-30 SE-52 XE-60 Friton X-100 Tween-80... 

Copolymer of adipic acid and ethylene and propylene glycols, cross-linked by naphthalene 1,4-diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. m Polypropylene ether) cross-linked by toluene diisocyanate and trimethylol propane. n Data by Te Nijenhuis (1974, 1979). 

Transesterification performed at 170-200°C in the presence of aliphatic carboxylic acids, such as adipic acid, after the depolymerization of PET in EG and propylene glycol leads to unsaturated polyesters. These materials are used in foam production or for the production of polyurethanes and polyester polyol copolymers [7-9]. 

Sample Code Recycled-PET Propylene glycol Dipropylene glycol Maleic anhydride Adipic acid... 

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