Fiber processing, additives

The principal chemical uses of BTX are illustrated in Figure 1 and Hsted in Table 1 (2). A very wide range of consumer products from solvents to fibers, films, and plastics are based on BTX. The consumption of BTX is approximately in the proportions of 67 5 28, respectively. However, no BTX process gives BTX in these proportions. The economic value of benzene and xylenes (especially -xylene) is normally higher than that of toluene. Because of this, processes that convert toluene to benzene by hydrodealkylation (3) and disproportionate toluene to benzene and xylenes (4) have been commercialized. In addition, reforming processes that emphasize production of either benzene or -xylene [106 2-3] have been described (5). Since these are not classified as BTX processes they are not discussed in detail here. 

Although there is a lot of science and space-age technology involved in the construction of composites, many composites have been initially formulated through a combination of this science and trial-and-error, giving recipes that contain the nature and form of the fiber and matrix materials, amounts, additives, and processing conditions. 

In addition, the process increased the nutritional and dietary fiber content of the final product. 

Infrared Analysis of Polymer, Resins and Additives an Atlas, Volume 1, Eds., D.O. Hummel and F.K. Scholl, Plastics, Elastomers, Fibers and Resins, Part 1 Text, Part 2 Spectra Tables, Index, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1969. Volume 2, Additives and Processing Aids 1973. 

When the applied stress a is less than Su, creep of the matrix will commence after application of the load. During this creep, the matrix will relax and the stress on the fibers will increase. Therefore, further fiber failure will occur. In addition, the process of matrix creep will depend on the extent of prior fiber failure and, as mentioned previously, on the amount of matrix cracking. The details will be rather complicated. However, the question of whether steady-state creep or, perhaps, rupture will occur, or whether sufficient fibers will survive to provide an intact elastic specimen, can be answered by consideration of the stress in the fibers after the matrix has been assumed to relax completely. Clearly, when the matrix carries no stress, the fibers will at least fail to the extent that they do in a dry bundle. It is possible that a greater degree of fiber failure will be caused by the transient stresses during creep relaxation, but this effect has not yet been modeled. Instead, the dry bundle behavior will be used to provide an initial estimate of fiber failure in these circumstances. 

A nonionic, water soluble, highly efficient anti-static agent. This material is particularly effective in processing synthetic fabrics and fibers, and may be applied at low concentrations to obtain satisfactory static protection. In addition, this product would also serve to aid in lubricity in fiber processing. 

Up-to-date compendiums on applications of infrared spectroscopy in applied polymer science are as follows. "An Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Industry" (95) describes techniques, has liberal references to specific methods, and contains high-quality grating reference spectra on paint components and blended compositions. "Atlas of Polymer and Plastics Analysis," 2nd ed., by Hummel and Scholl (96), has issued two volumes Vol. 1, Polymers Vol. 3, on Additives and Processing Aids Vol. 2, on Plastics, Fibers, Rubbers, Resins, is in press. "Infrared Spectra of Plasticizers and Other Additives," 2nd ed., published by The Coblentz Society, Inc., is a high-quality IR reference spectrum collection (97). 

Hummel, D. 0. Scholl, F. "Atlas of Polymer Plastics Analysis," 2nd ed. Carl Hanswer Verlag Munich, Verlag Chemie International New York, Vol. 1, "Polymers," 1978 Vol. 2, "Plastics, Fibers, Rubbers, Resins," 1984 Vol. 3, "Additives and Processing Aids," 1981,... 

Lwospin. [Lenox] Wool oil additive for processing fiber blends fin improved cohesion, static control, moisture retention. 

Atlas of Polymer and Plastics Analysis, 2" Revised ed. (3 vols.) Vol. 1 Polymers, Structures and Spectra. Vol. 2 a Plastics, Fibers, Rubbers, Resins, Starting and Auxiliary Materials, Degradation Products. Vol. 2 b Spectra. Vol. 3 Additives and Processing Aids. 

PEN exhibits a very rapid crystallization rate and its Tg is difficult to detect by simply heating the quenched sample. Since the crystallization rate of PEN is much faster than that of PET, its processing cycle time can be shortened. Eecause of its facile processability, PEN can be molded by either injection or extrusion into electrical, electronic, and machine parts. PEN exhibits excellent mechanical strength, heat resistance, dimensional stability, resistance to chemical, acid and alkaline and impermeability to gasoline and gasohol. Therefore, it is particularly suited for making into automobile parts that come in contact with fuel, oil, and combustion gas. In addition, fiber reinforced PEN for high temperature and humidity circumstances has been reported. ... 

The Scherrer equation is applicable only for defect-free crystals. Drawn filaments, particularly immediately after drawing, usually yield rather diffuse diffraction patterns as a result of considerable lattice disorder. In addition to the crystallite size effect, this lattice disorder causes further broadening of the diffraction maxima [300]. The subsequent sharpening of these reflexes, particularly upon annealing, has therefore been explained as a result of both crystallite growth and healing of lattice defects. Since both effects are difficult to separate, the Scherrer equation yields what has been called a crystallite size equivalent rather than the actual crystallite size. Conclusive correlations between either of these parameters and fiber processing and performance characteristics are yet to be developed. 

Assuming that a particular pigment and concentrate manufactured with that pigment is used in the fiber process, has sufficient color stability for the intended end-use, and will not interact adversely with other additives, the fiber producer may now consider what color the pigment concentrate will provide and how it may be used to provide the color. 

FIGURE 12.40 Dyestuff addition in a producer-dyed fiber process. (From Mullinax, G.B., New Developments in Colored Acrylic Fibers, Textile Research Institute Presentation, Charlotte, NC, April 13,1988.)... 

Uses Surfactant for cosmetics, feed, foods, textiles, leather, pharmaceuticals, paints/coatings, lubricants, emulsion polymerization, silicon and wax emulsions, metal treatment, and plastics antistat emulsiFier for foods, feed coemulsiFier lubricant, softenerfor textiles and fibers process defoamer opacifier solubilizer dispersant suspending agent coupling agent drier for paints thickener emulsion stabilizer drilling fluid additive lubricant, rust inhibitor, penetrant in metalworking Features Lipophilic Mam JDistrib. DelCon Lonza Trade Names Kosteran-T/1 Lonzest TAG... 

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