Additional Program Elements

Just as important is the manner in which the initial safety message is conveyed to the new employees. The tone, attitude, and sincerity (or lack of it) will be felt by the new workers. If new employees are a part of a warehouse walk-through, they will notice how fellow workers are conducting themselves. If a hard-hat rule exists and the employee has been told to wear a hard hat, it is expected that fellow workers, supervisors, and visitors will also be wearing hard hats. If there are requirements for safe forklift operations and professional driving skills, the new worker should be able to observe this. If management states one thing and allows the opposite to take place, the new worker will see this disparity of work practices. 

It is an accepted part of safety programming that new workers abide by facility safety rules based on what they see and hear. If a new worker observes that fellow workers habitually break safety rules, the new worker can easily join this parade. If a supervisor talks with the new employee and never inquires about the worker s failure to wear required PPE, a big message about management commitment is being sent. 

On the other hand, if a new worker is reluctant to wear PPE, workers in those operations that maintain excellent safety programs will remind the new worker that the equipment is required and that he runs the risk of injury or discipline for noncompliance. 

During the orientation process, management will often ask the new enq)loyee, Do you understand Are there any questions Surprisingly, the employee s immediate need for employment sometimes gets in the way of safety education. If the new employee has any questions, he may be too timid or embarrassed to ask them. New employees frequently seek out answers from their peers. As a result, if their peers are not safety conscious, new employees could easily fall into a pattern of unsafe practices. The enq)loyer should be wary of employees who just nod their heads in agreement every time they are asked if they understand. 

There are some employers who give new employees written questionnaires to ensure that most of the orientation message has been received and retained. Questions can be general and developed in other languages if needed. If new employees, usually eager to please the employer, are told up front that they will be asked questions about safety at the completion of their orientations, they will more likely pay 

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Spectrographic analysis allows accurate, rapid measurements of many of the elements present in lubricating oil. These elements are generally classified as wear metals, contaminates, or additives. Some elements can be listed in more than one of these classifications. Standard lubricating oil analysis does not attempt to determine the specific failure modes of developing machine-train problems. Therefore, additional techniques must be used as part of a comprehensive predictive maintenance program. 

Such a system would include a program similar to that of Storer and Comish-Bowden to do equilibrium calculations. A communication-control subprogram would be Hiked to an expert model by using the EXPERT knowledge-base shall (or system-builder) which is advantageous here because it can interact with procedures such as those written in FORTRAN for numerical computation. Additional programs and a small data base, which EXPERT can handle, would keep track of which chemical was what array element, and other requirements mentioned above. 

Precise and accurate trace element assays on coal are extremely difficult and require constant vigilance to avoid errors that can be introduced both in the laboratory and in the coal-handling procedures. In the future this program will extend the present studies to coals from different parts of the country, study additional trace elements in coal such as arsenic, selenium, beryllium, and others, and apply the developed techniques to more power plants. 

Step 6—Periodic Review It is important to periodically review the security of the transportation network to ensure that the baseline program elements are still in place, recommended coimtermeasures have been implemented, and vulnerabilities reassessed. Additionally, this process should be reinitiated if there is specific intelligence or tlueat information pertaining to your supply chain, mode of transport, or specific chemical movement. 

Figure 3 Illustrates the problem faced by the IAEA in the broader context of their trace element laboratory intercomparison program. These data show the reported results of 16 laboratories for measurements of arsenic in the horse kidney intercomparison sample (H-8), based on various versions of atomic absorption spectrometry, optical emission spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, and Induced X-ray emission analysis. The objective of the horse kidney intercomparison was to assess (and refine) analytical methods for the determination of essential and toxic trace elements in this surrogate for human kidney (2). Kidney, as the main target organ which accumulates toxic elements, was of special Interest with respect to cadmium. Horse kidney, which contains similar levels of cadmium to the human kidney cortex, was selected for the development and maintenance of methods having a demonstrated level of quality to assure reliable biological monitoring of this element. Participants were Invited to analyze some 24 additional trace elements, however.

The key intent when implementing ABSS is not to create additional work but to complement specific safety-related efforts that may already be in place. All safety activities must be integrated with existing program elements to systematically formalize the communication process throughout the organization. 

The elements of agood respirator program are contained in Refs. BOSS. They should be consulted for additional program details. 

Formal audits should be conducted by an individual trained in safety and health or completed by a certified safety professional (CSP). If an organization has a limited number of sites, one individual should be the designated auditor. The program elements can be evaluated much easier by someone using identical measures for all sites. Where possible, additional audit team members should be used. Also, employees should participate where possible in the audit process. 

First aid courses should be individualized to the needs of the workplace. Some of the noted program elements may be optional for a particular plant or facility. On the other hand, unique conditions at a specific worksite may necessitate the addition of customized elements to a first aid training program. 

In many industrial halls, conduction inro the ground is a major factor for heat loss. Therefore, an adequate modeling of the floor slab and the underlying, thermally active, soil is very crucial for reliable simulation resuirs. In this case, the soil model in the TRNSYS model was established using results from an additionally performed finite-element program analysis. 

In addition to considering those elements that interrelate, you should pay particular attention to those that affect your operations most directly. For example, if your company has a major expansion program underway, you would assign the capital project review and design procedures element a higher priority than if your company has deferred all major capital projects. 

In addition to specific deadlines for each task and subtask, you should also consider program milestones, key pcrints in the plan at which you will want to review progress to date and make any necessary adjustments. For example, if you have adopted an element-by-element approach, you could consider completion of each PSM element as a milestone similarly, each facility s program would constitute a milestone, if that is the approach you ve chosen. 

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