Acute toxicity types

As alkylating agent an alkyl halide, alkyl tosylate or dialkyl sulfate is used in most cases the latter type of reagent is often used in the preparation of methyl and ethyl ethers by employing dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate respectively. Dimethyl sulfate is an excellent methylating agent, but is acutely toxic as well as carcinogenic." ... 

The acute toxicity of different types of organomercury compounds to mammals,... 

Thus, there is not a great deal of difference between the three classes in acute toxicity all are highly toxic. However, methyl mercury is more persistent than the other two types, and so has the greater potential to cause chronic toxicity. The latter point is important when considering the possibility of sublethal effects. 

As mentioned previously (and discussed in detail in Sec. IX), contact lens products have specific guidelines that focus on compatibility with the contact lens and biocompatibility with the cornea and conjunctiva [75], These solutions are viewed as new medical devices and require testing with the contact lenses with which they are to be used. Tests include a 21-day ocular study in rabbits and employ the appropriate types of contact lenses with which they are to be used and may include the other solutions that might be used with the lens. Additional tests to evaluate cytotoxicity potential, acute toxicity, sensitization potential (allergenicity), and risks specific to the preparation are also required [75-77], These tests are sufficient to meet requirements in the majority of countries, though testing requirements for Japan are currently much more extensive. 

RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances number is a unique and unchanging number used to cross-reference the RTECS database, which is a compendium of data extracted from the open scientific literature. Six types of toxicity data are included in each file (1) primary irritation, (2) mutagenic effects, (3) reproductive effects, (4) tumorigenic effects, (5) acute toxicity, and (6) other multiple dose toxicity. 

As previously mentioned, early in vivo acute toxicity studies indicated that the action of Type II pyrethroids on the nervous system was different from that of the Type I pyrethroids. Deltamethrin decreased the acetylcholine content of the cerebellum, whereas DDT, a well-established voltage-sensitive sodium channel agonist, and cismethrin, caused no significant reduction [2]. 

It is accepted that many widely used latex vulcanisation accelerators - dithiocaibamates, thiurams and thiazoles - are capable of producing Type IV allergic response in certain individuals within the population and may also possess increasingly unacceptable eco-toxic and acute toxicity profiles. Thiurams and dithiocaibamates (derived from secondary amines) can also produce potentially harmful N-nitrosamines. Four safer accelerators developed and commercialised by Robinson Brothers are described. They are designed to reduce or eliminate the impact of the above problems using sustainable technology. At the same time these accelerators produce equivalent technological performances to those conventionally used. 10 refs. 

Category A lists three types of studies for human health effects basic acute toxicity tests, a 28-day animal study (referred to in other discussions as a "sub-chronic" test), and a series of two (or more) screening tests for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. 

In general, traditionally designed acute toxicity tests can be divided into three types that can be called the minimal acute toxicity test, the complete acute toxicity test, and the supplemented acute toxicity test. Of these, the minimal protocol is by... 

In general, existing information is related to single species and acute toxicity these types of tests form the basis for the derivation of safe concentrations for a given chemical in the environment, according to EC regulation [6]. The data for surfactants other than anionic... 

River pollution from anionic surfactants, the primarily toxic ones, is of two types (a) acute toxic pollution due to, for example, an accidental spill from a container of full-strength surfactant products, and (b) chronic pollution due to the daily discharges of municipal and industrial wastewaters. The international literature contains the result of numerous studies that have established dosages for both types of pollutional toxicity due to detergents, for most types of aquatic life such as species of fish. 

In the first step of the hazard assessment process, aU effects observed are evaluated in terms of the type and severity (adverse or non-adverse), the dose-response relationship, and NOAEL/LOAEL (or alternatively BMD) for every single effect in aU the available studies if data are sufficient, and the relevance for humans of the effects observed in experimental animals. In this last step of the hazard assessment, all this information is assessed as a whole in order to identify the critical effect(s) and to derive a NOAEL, or LOAEL, for the critical effect(s). It is usual to derive a NOAEL on the basis of effects seen in repeated dose toxicity studies and in reproductive toxicity studies. However, for acute toxicity, irritation, and sensitization it is usually not possible to derive a NOAEL because of the design of the studies used to evaluate these effects. For each toxicological endpoint, these aspects are further addressed in Sections 4.4 through 4.10. 

P12 All cigarette types tested showed the presence of the three pesticides in the tobacco smoke, with flumetralin ranging from trace levels up to 37 ( 9) ng/dg, pendimethalin ranging from trace levels up to 10.4 ( 0.6) ng/cig, and trifluralin ranging from trace levels up to 47 ( 17) ng/dg. Acute toxicity information is presented for the three pesticides. (From Dane et al., 2006)... 

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