Activity in Devices

The biological activity of metofluthrin was evaluated in a variety of commercial and experimental devices. These are considered below 

We carried out a detailed investigation into the performance of metofluthrin in mosquito coils and liquid vaporizers, the most commonly used forms of heated mosquito control devices. 

To determine the practical effects of coils containing metofluthrin, field tests were conducted according to the method of Yap, et al. [6], using private residences in Bogor, Indonesia. The results are shown in Table II. In these tests, 95% of the mosquitoes captured were Culex quinquefasciatus, and coils containing 0.005% metofluthrin exhibited an efficacy exceeding that of coils containing either 0.03% transfluthrin or 0.2% d-allethrin. 

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Until the mid-1980s, the MDI was the dominant inhalation dosage form, but the Montreal Protocol lead to greatly increased activity in device development, for both existing drugs and new chemical entities. The propellants for the existing MDIs were chlorofluorocarbons... 

In principle, every metal complex (or metal salt) can be incorporated into an organic polymer monomolecular or aggregated with the result of a solid composite material. Because of several hundred papers that have been published in this field, the following survey considers only few examples. The combination of organic polymers with included metal complexes olfers the advantage of preparing more flexible films with higher mechanical stability. In addition, polar polymers impress the activity in devices with metal complexes as active parts. 

Increasingly, the word sensor is used interchangeably with, or in place of, the word transducer to represent the conversion of one type of energy into another. The word actuator, however, refers to a distinctly different set of devices capable of activating a device upon receiving an appropriate signal. Sensors and actuators may be found as part of a system on a single piece of siUcon. 

Voltage measurement have been made at very low temperatures using a superconductor as one leg of a thermocouple. Eor a superconductor, S is zero, so the output of the couple is entirely from the active leg. The Thomson heat is then measured at higher temperatures to extend the absolute values of the Seebeck coefficients (7,8). The Thomson heat is generally an order of magnitude less than the Peltier heat and is often neglected in device design calculations. 

Potential Applications of LB Films. LB films have long been expected to provide new technologies and novel materials, designed at the molecular level. Commercialization of any device would, however, require much faster deposition rates than those available as of this writing (ca 1997) when there is very Htde activity in U.S. Industrial laboratories. 

The use of a bioadhesive, polymeric dosage form for sustained dehvery raises questions about swallowing or aspirating the device. The surface area is small, and patient comfort should be addressed by designing a small (less than 2 cm ), thin (less than 0.1 mm (4 mil) thick) device that conforms to the mucosal surface. The buccal route may prove useful for peptide or protein dehvery because of the absence of protease activity in the sahva. However, the epithelium is relatively tight, based on its electrophysiological properties. An average conductance in the dog is 1 mS/cm (57) as compared to conductances of about 27 and 10 mS/cm in the small intestine and nasal mucosa, respectively (58,59) these may be classified as leaky epitheha. 

Microbiauy induced corrosion (MIC) probes. Devices are available to measure the amount of microbial activity in some environments. MicrobiaUy induced corrosion is known to be an actor in many corrosion-related problems in processing plants. The monitoring devices for MIC are limited in their range and, at present, are available only for a few specific environments. This is an exciting area for development of corrosion probes and monitoring systems. 

Personal monitoring devices (sometimes referred to as "dosimeters") are carried or worn by individuals and are used to measure that individual s exposure to particular chemical(s). Devices that include a pump are called "active" monitors devices that do not include a pump are called "passive" monitors. Such devices are currently used for research purposes. It is possible that sometime in the future they may also be helpful in lAQ investigations in public and commercial buildings. 

All invasive devices with respect to body orifices, other than surgically invasive devices and which are not intended for connection to an active medical device or which are intended for connection to an active medical device in Class I ... 

All active therapeutic devices intended to administer or exchange energy are in Class lla unless their characteristics are such that they may administer or exchange energy to or from the human body in a potentially hazardous way, taking account of the nature, the density and site of application of the energy, in which case they are in Class lib. 

All active devices intended to control or monitor the performance of active therapeutic devices in Class Mb, or intended directly to influence the performance of such devices are in Class Mb. 

Many of these steps include CVD, and CVD is now a major process in the fabrication of monolithic integrated circuits (IC), custom and semi-custom ASIC s, active discrete devices, transistors, diodes, passive devices and networks, hybrid IC s, opto-elec-tronic devices, energy-conversion devices, and microwave devices. 

Today, active polymers are known that exhibit technically interesting reactions to applied physical actions (e.g., electric fields, chemical concentrations, pressure, light) that can be employed in devices of various types for example ... 

Academic institutions have been included, and in many instances, there have been commercial consequences, although that has not been the mission of the Department of Defense. The Department of Defense mission is defense and national security, not the development of compact disk players. But in fact, for example, in electronics and devices, fundamental materials research was sponsored by the Department of Defense. Various organizations and activities in parallel in industry (at Lincoln Laboratory, IBM, and General Electric) led to the development of the semiconductor laser in the early 1960s. 

As part of the radon program at EML to develop or improve and field test radon monitors, a modified activated carbon device (Warner, 1986) was developed to obtain higher measurement sensitivity. As a result, we have surveyed 380 buildings in six states in the eastern United States. The purpose of the measurements reported in this paper was to test the feasibility of the new version of the passive activated carbon device and to obtain data on indoor radon levels in different geographical locations. 

The detector used to measure indoor radon was the latest version of the passive activated carbon device developed at EML (George, 1984 Warner, 1986), which consists of a thin-walled aluminum canister with a screen cover to expose 80 g of carbon to the test atmosphere. Although not as physically rugged as earlier models, properly packed this monitoring device was as successful in conducting the surveys through the mail. 

In addition to laboratory blood analyzers and portable point-of-care devices, which require blood collection, continuous monitoring of ion activities in a blood stream via implanted ion-selective electrodes is of great interest. The term biocompatibility refers to the ability of a sensor not to cause toxic or injurious effects while being in contact with living tissue. As dealing with any foreign object introduced into the human body, biocompatibility and hemocompatibility particularly are the most important requirements. 

For pH sensors used in in-vivo applications, especially those in continuous pH monitor or implantable applications, hemocompatibility is a key area of importance [150], The interaction of plasma proteins with sensor surface will affect sensor functions. Thrombus formation on the device surface due to accelerated coagulation, promoted by protein adsorption, provided platelet adhesion and activation. In addition, variation in the blood flow rate due to vasoconstriction (constriction of a blood vessel) and sensor attachment to vessel walls, known as wall effect , can cause significant errors during blood pH monitoring [50, 126],... 

M. Schlosser and M. Ziegler, Biocompatibility of active implantable devices, in Biosensors in the Body Continuous In Vivo Monitoring (D.M. Fraser, ed.), pp. 139-170. John Wiley, NY (1997). 

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