Actinomyces

Actinomucor elegans Actinomyces roseolus Actinomyces sp. Actinomycetes... 

Strahlen-pilz, m. actinomyces. -schutz, m. protection from radiation, protective screen, -sonne, /. Biol.) astrosphere. -stein, m. = Strahlstein. -werfen, n. radiation. 

An incubated culture of Actinomyces antibioticus was prepared using a medium consisting of 1% tryptone-peptone, 0.5% starch, 0.2% K HPO, 0.2% NaCI and 0.25% agar in distilled water, grown at a temperature of approximately 25° to 35°C, the incubation being complete after 6 to 10 days. 50 liters of this incubated culture are extracted approximately six times with ether, using 20 liters of ether for each extraction. 

The medium in each vessel is then inoculated with a heavy aqueous suspension of spores of a strain of Actinomyces griseus, and the inoculated media are maintained at an incubation temperature of 22° to 28°C for 10 days. The growth is then filtered off and the filtrates are combined for further treatment. 

Microorganisms, by farmantation Actinomyces antibioticus Dactinomycin Actinomyces vinaceus Viomycin... 

From cultures of Actinomyces antibioticus and chromatographic purification on AI2O3. Reference s) ... 

Dog and cat Pasteurella multocida, staphylococci, streptococci Moraxella spp., Eikenella corrodens, Capnocytophaga canimorsus, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas spp. 

Ferrichromes Hydroxamic acid 3 Species of Aspergillus, Neuro-spora, Paecilomyces, Penicil-lium, Spicaria, Ustilago, Crypto-coccus, Actinomyces, Sireptomy-ces and probably Sphacelotheca... 

Ferrioxamines Hydroxamic acid 3 Species of Nocardia, Micromon-ospora, Streptomyces, and Actinomyces... 

Pine, L. Boone, C. J. Comparative cell wall analyses of morphological forms within the genus. Actinomyces. J. Bacteriol. 1967, 94, 875-883. 

Reumycin and xanthothricin were isolated from Actinomyces rectus bruneus and are useful as antitumor antibiotics. Methylation of reumycin resulted in the formation of the antibiotics, fervenulin, toxoflavine, and 7-methoxyreumycin. A review on their effects on an electron transport mechanism in animal and yeast cells was published in 1975 by Russian authors (75MI1, 75MI2). 

From the hind gut of Cetonia aurata an Actinomyces species was isolated which produces the new cytotoxic epoxy quinoles [190] named cetoniacytone A 90 and B 91. In addition, the structurally related aromatic compounds 2,5-di-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethylacetanilide 92 and 2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxymeth-ylacetanilide 93 were found in minor amounts. 

Figure 2.11. The dependence of the position of the fluorescence spectrum maximum on excitation wavelength for tryptophan in a model medium (glycerol) at different temperatures (a) and singletryptophan proteins (b). 1, Whiting parvalbumin, pH 6.S in the presence of Ca2+ ions 2, ribonuclease Th pH 6.5 3, ribonuclease C2, pH 6.5 4, human serum albumin, pH 7.0, +10"4 M sodium dodecyl sulfate 5, human serum albumin, pH 3.2 6, melittin, pH 7.5, +0.15 M NaCl 7, protease inhibitor IT-AJ from Actinomyces janthinus, pH 2.9 8, human serum albumin, pH 7.0 9, -casein, pH 7.5 10, protease inhibitor IT-AJ, pH 7.0 11, basic myelin protein, pH 7.0 12, melittin in water. The dashed line is the absorption spectrum of tryptophan.

The results of an antitumor screen are summarized in Table 8.1. The attrition table summarizes the results from 338,072 samples tested against tumor cells derived from soft tissue sarcomas. Given that the samples included one combinatorial collection with approximately 1.5 million compounds and that each natural product extract most likely contained 100 or more, the total number of compounds tested in this screen exceeded 5 million. As shown in the first column of Table 8.1, the samples were from 11 collections composed of single synthetics, compounds synthesized by combinatorial chemistries, and purified natural products and extracts. The natural products were derived from microorganisms (actinomyces and fungi), plants, and marine invertebrates. 

Thermophilic and Other Actinomyces. These are present in the air of the model cardroom and in the air of the carding area of mills (3,8,9.13,24,25). The data is very scanty because they are not adequately studied by most authors. 

Actinomyces. These organisms were not looked for adequately by most authors. They are certainly present in cardrooms and may be more frequent than the scanty data indicates. No one has shown any correlation with bysslnotlc symptoms or change in FEVi. 

Although Actinomyces has been linked with root surface caries (Edwardsson, 1987), contradictory reports on the microbiology of root surface caries still appear (Beighton and Lynch, 1995 Schiipbach et ah, 1995 Schiipbach et ah, 1996 Van Route et ah, 1994). A longitudinal study, however, failed to prove a role for Actinomyces (Ellen, 1993). Actually, lactobacilli and mutans streptococci are considered risk factors for root surface caries (Banting, 1991 Ravald and Birkhed, 1992). Generally, Gram-positive species predominate in the initial attacks on cementum and root dentin (Edwardsson, 1987). 

Bacterial pigments. Some bacteria commonly found in caries lesions are known to produce pigments. For example, the black staining of plaque is related with Actinomyces (Slots, 1974), but its chemical nature remains unknown. Black pigmented Prevotella produces both iron sulphide and heme pigments (Shah et ah, 1979). In addition, Propionibacterium forms porphyrins (Lee et al., 1978). Bacterial iron-binding peptides, which can contribute to discoloration, increase in the saliva of subjects with a high caries frequency (Nordh, 1969). 

From carious enamel, a brown pigment-producing Actinomyces has been isolated (Hurst et al., 1948). Black caries lesions contained higher numbers of Actinomyces, Lactobacillus, and Veilonella (but not black pigmented Prevotella) than unstained lesions (Boue et al., 1987). 

Khokhlov AS, Tovarova 11, Borisova LN, Pilner SA, Schevchenko LA, Kornit-skaya El, Ivkina NS, Rappoport lA, A-factor responsible for the biosynthesis of streptomycin by a mutant strain Actinomyces streptomycini, Dokl Akad Nauk... 

Kawamoto S, Ensign JC, Cloning and characterization of a gene involved in regulation and sporulation and cell division in Streptomycesgriseus, Actinomyce-tologicaS A iG—X bl, 1995. 

Lincosamides (lincomycin and clindamycin) are representatives of a very small group of drugs synthesized up of an amino acid bound to an amino sugar. Lincosamides bind with the 50 S ribosomal subunit of bacteria and inhibit protein synthesis. They also inhibit pep-tidyltransferase action. Lincosamides are bacteriostatic antibiotics however, when they reach a certain level in the plasma, they also exhibit bactericidal action against some bacteria. Lincosamides are highly active against anaerobic infections such as Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, and Clostridium fringens, a few types of Peptococcus and Clostridium. 

Alternative therapy for the following infections when penicillin is contraindicated Uncomplicated gonorrhea due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae] syphilis due to Treponema pallidum, yaws due to T. pertenue] Listeria monocytogenes] anthrax due to Bacillus anthracis] Vincent s infection due to Fusobacterium fusiforme] actinomycosis due to Actinomyces sp. Clostridium sp. 

Nonactin, isolated from actinomyces, is a macrotetrolide, (VI), which complexes alkali metal salts in the sequence Li < < Na+, Cs+< Rb+< K+. The crystal structures of its complex with potassium thiocyanate and of the uncomplexed molecule have been determined. 

Chlorhexidine (C) is generally effective against all bacteria, but Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus, two bacteria particularly associated with dental lesions, are especially susceptible to its action. Stannous fluoride (D) is widely used in caries prevention, and many studies have proven its effectiveness. 

Vancomycin (Vancocin) is a complex tricyclic glycopep-tide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces orientalis, while teicoplanin (Targocid) is derived from Actino-planes (Actinomyces) teichomyceticus. Teicoplanin has two major components a phosphoglycolipid (Aj) and five chlorine-containing glycopeptides (A2). It is available as an investigational drug. 

N.A. Yoon, C.W. Berry, The antimicrobial effect of fluorides (acidulated phosphate, sodium and stannous) on Actinomyces viscous, J. Dent. Res. 58 (1979) 1824-1829. 

Ethidium is a model compound for these studies. In human pharmacology, two classes of natural products (actinomyces, anthracyclines) provide prototypic molecules as DNA intercalating agents. (Planar molecules tend to insert well into the stacked nucleic acids, which accounts for the carcinogenic potential of polyaromatic hydrocarbons see figure 7.5.)... 

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