Dental lesion

Chlorhexidine (C) is generally effective against all bacteria, but Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus, two bacteria particularly associated with dental lesions, are especially susceptible to its action. Stannous fluoride (D) is widely used in caries prevention, and many studies have proven its effectiveness. 

Explain how dental lesions are manifested in animals chronically exposed to fluoride. 

Frykholm, K. O., Frithiof, L. Fernstrom, A. I. B., Moberger, G., Blohm, S. G. and Bjorn, E. Allergy to Copper Derived from Dental Alloys as a Possible Cause of Oral Lesions of Lichen Planus Acta Dermatovenerol, 49, 268-81 (1969)... 

McLean, J. W. Wilson, A. D. (1977c). The clinical development of the glass-ionomer cements. III. The erosion lesion. Australian Dental Journal, 22, 190-5. 

Stephan, R. M. (1940). Changes in the hydrogen-ion concentration on tooth surfaces and in carious lesions. Journal of the American Dental Association,... 

Tyas, M. J. Beech, D. R. (1985). Clinical performance of three restorative materials for cervical abrasion lesions. Australian Dental Journal, 30, 260-4. 

Bone disease is a common manifestation of multiple myeloma. Bisphosphonates should be initiated in symptomatic patients with bone lesions to slow osteopenia and reduce the fracture risk associated with the disease. Pamidronate and zolendronic acid have equivalent efficacy in the management of osteolytic lesions, but because of relative ease of administration, zolendronic acid is used most frequently.43 The use of zolendronic acid decreases pain and bone-related complications and improves quality of life. The suggestion that bisphosphonates have direct antimyeloma activity, based on the ability to inhibit NF-kB signaling, remains controversial. Recent cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw have been a major concern. Risk factors are unclear, but osteonecrosis of the jaw is more common in patients receiving intravenous administration of bisphosphonates and having dental procedures performed. It is recommended that patients... 

LeGeros, R.Z., Silverstone, L.M., Daculsi, G. and Kerebel, L.M. (1983) In vitro caries-like lesion formation in F-containing tooth enamel. Journal of Dental Research, 62, 138-144. 

Pulpitis- If the caries lesion progresses, infection of the dental pulp may occur, causing acute pulpitis (Pulpal inflammation). The tooth become sensitive to hot or cold, and then severe continuous throbbing pain ensues. In reversible pulpitis, filling is an option but in case of... 

An additional thermal property of interest is thermal diffusivity. The dental pulp sensory system is extremely sensitive to changes in temperature. These sensory inputs are interpreted only as pain. Metallic restorations of deep carious lesions of the tooth frequently need to have a low thermal conductor placed beneath them to avoid causing pulpal pain. The thermal diffusivity of composite varies from approximately that of tooth structure (0.183 mm2/s) to twice that value [204, 254], Metallic restorations of concern have diffusivities at least an... 

Early dental caries (incipient lesions) are non-cavitated and limited to the outer enamel surface. Clinically, these lesions are identified as visible white spots when the tooth is air-dried (Fig. 11.1). The incipient lesion is known as a subsurface lesion since the surface appears intact. However, histological investigations have shown that below the surface, there are zones that vary in porosity (voids from mineral loss) as well as biochemical composition (e.g. fluoride, water and carbonate content) [29]. The enamel caries can vary from a depth of 100-250 J.m (for incipient caries) to entirely through the enamel ( 1.5mm deep), at which point the cavitated lesion has extended into the underlying dentin [35]. The diagnostic challenge remains early caries detection and the focus has been on caries lesions that form on the tooth crown affecting the enamel. The remainder of the discussion will therefore concentrate on enamel caries. 

In general, saliva (as well as plaque fluid) is supersaturated with respect to calcium-phosphate salts, and they prevent tendency to dissolve mineral crystals of teeth. Moreover, precipitation of calcium-phosphate salts that include hydroxyapatite may also occur (remineralization) in early lesions of tooth surfaces injured by acidic bacterial products (i.e., lactic acid). Salivary fluoride facilitates calcium-phosphate precipitation, and such crystals (i.e., fluorapatite) show lower acid solubility properties that lead to an increased caries preventive effect. The increase of pFI (i.e., buffer capacity and pH of saliva, as well as ureolysis in dental plaque) also facilitates crystal precipitation and remineralization (4, 13). 

Gingival hyperplasia is a well-known adverse effect of phenytoin. It occurs in at least one-third of patients, although it can be prevented by careful dental hygiene (SED-13, 144) (33), and does not occur in edentulous mouths. In one case generalized palatal hyperplasia occurred in a patient in whom retained roots and teeth were suspected of having perpetuated a pre-extraction lesion a subsequently placed complete denture initiated a midpalatal hyperplasia (34). 

Silver fluoride has been used in dental care for the treatment of deep caries. However, application of 40% silver fluoride to deep carious lesions or its use as a spot application agent can cause 3-4 mg of fluoride to reach... 

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