Acrylamide graft polymerization

G.G. Bogoeva, N.Y. Pimonenko and G. Petrov, Photo-induced acrylamide graft polymerization onto polyamide-6, Textile Res. J. 63, 51-57 (1993). 

Hoffman and his coworkers have done a lot of work on the apphcation of radiation-induced graft polymerization for medical apphcation. The hydrophilic polymers that have been used for radiation-induced grafting are Al-vinyl pyrohdone (NVP), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), acrylamide (AAm), acrylic acid (AAc), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and ethyl methacrylate (EMA) onto sihcone rubber were widely smdied. 

E. Uchida, Y. Uyama, and Y. Ikada, Surface graft polymerization of acrylamide onto poly(elliylene... 

Kamogawa, and Sekiya (54) studied the graft polymerization of acrylamide onto cotton fabric using ceric ammonium nitrate as the catalyst. Similarly to Kulkarni et al. (35) the authors performed subsequent cross-linking with formaldehyde amd methylol compounds. From precipitation studies by acidification of cuprammonium solutions on mixtures of polyacrylamide and cellulose on the one hand and polyacrylamide-cellulose grafts on the other the authors conclude that chemical bonds must exist between the two polymers in the grafted product. 

Kamogawa, H., and T. Sekiya Graft polymerization of acrylamide onto cotton fabric for further treatments. Textile Res. J. 31, 585 (1961). 

Photolysis of this polymer gives radicals on which side chains can be formed, giving graft polymerization 122, 123, 153). Similarly the polymerization of styrene (152) or vinyl acetate (157) in the presence of bromotrichloromethane gives telomers carrying terminal bromine atoms and trichloromethyl groups. By ultraviolet irradiation (3500 A) in the presence of methyl methacrylate the carbon-bromine links are broken and block copolymers are formed. The telomerization of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid with bromoform is based on the same technique the end groups of both polyacrylonitrile and polyacrylic acid were photolyzed in the presence of acrylamide and afforded polyacrylamide blocks linked to polyacrylonitrile or polyacrylic acid blocks (164, 165). 

Kinetic data for the graft polymerization of acrylamide with hydroxyethyl-cellulose in the presence of a Co(IlI)-cyclohexanol redox initiating system are available [155]. 

Surface grafting of barium sulfate is interesting Ifom the point of view of the kinetics of such reactions. Barium sulfate like calcium carbonate, is an inert filler. So it is necessary to modify its surface. First, barium chloride is reacted with sodium sulfate in the presence of a small amount of sodium 12-hydroxystearate. This introduces a controlled number of hydroxyl stearate sites onto the barium sulfate surface. The reaction is followed by a redox graft polymerization of acrylamide initiated by the hydroxyl stearate groups and ceric ion as a catalyst. Figures 6.9 to 6.11 show the effect of reaction substrates concentrations on polymerization rate. 

Terbumeton (triazine herbicide) 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propane sulfonic acid, MAA, AA N N -methylene-bis-acrylamide hydrophilized polyvinylidene fluoride microfiltration membrane SPE membrane surface imprinting by photo-grafting polymerization [104]... 

The best results are obtained by preirradiation of polymer supports in the air with a subsequent deconposition of the hydroperoxides formed the resulting immobilized radicals initiate graft polymerization of the transition metal acrylates (Fig. 5), MX acrylamide complexes and their complexes with allyl-type monomers (49, 50). MCM graft polymerization is essentially oharacterized by the same... 

Amylopectins. — The effects of acrylamide graft copolymerization on the solution properties of amylopectin have been discussed. Amylopectin has been dyed with DyAmyl-L and used in this form as a substrate for the assay of a-amylase. Amylopectin has been treated with isocyanate derivatives of 4-amino-( 1,1-dimethyl ethyl)-3-(methylthio)-l,2,4-triazin-5(4/f)-one ( metribuzin ) or acid chloride derivatives of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ( 2,4-D ) and 2,2-dichloropropionic acid ( dalapon ), to produce controlled-release polymeric pesticide systems. The solvent system utilized for these reactions, a lithium chloride or bromide salt in AW-dimethylacetamide, allows dissolution of the reactant salt and facilitates analysis of the polymer product by such techniques as i.r., U.V., and n.m.r. spectroscopies and gel permeation chromatography. Derivatives of other naturally occurring polysaccharides, including amylopectin, cellulose, chitin, and dextran, were also prepared. 

K. Fujimoto, H. Tadokoro, Y. Ueda, Y. Ikada, Polyurethane surface modification by graft polymerization of acrylamide for reduced protein adsorption and platelet adhesion. Biomaterials 14 (6) (1993) 442-448. 

Uchida, E., Uyama, Y., Ikada, Y., 1989. Surface graft polymerization of acrylamide onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) film by UV irradiation. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 27 (2), 527-537. 

A. Wirsen, K. T. Lindberg, A. C. Al-bertsson, Graft polymerization of acrylamide onto linear low-density polyethylene film by electron beam pre-irradiation in air or argon 3. Morphology. Polymer 37 (1996) 761. 

A. Wirsen, A. C. Albertsson, Graft Polymerization of Acrylamide onto LLDPE Film by Electron Beam Pre-Irradiation in Air and Argon. 11. Influence of MahEs Salt. Journal of Polymer Science. Part A, Polymer Chemistry 33 (1995) 2049. 

A. M. Dessouki, N.H. Taher, M.B. El Arnaouty, Gamma Ray Induced Graft Polymerization of N-Vinylpyrrolidone. Acrylamide and Their Mixtures Onto Polypropylene films. Polymer International 45 (1998) 1. 

Currently, UV-initiated graft polymerization has been widely used for the surface modification of polymer manbranes in attempts to develop composite manbranes with enhanced resistance toward organic fouling and biofouling. As can be seen in Table 3.1, different hydrophilic monomers, such as Af-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP), A-vinylformamide (NVF), A-vinyl-caprolactam (NVC), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AAm), 2-acrylamidoglycolic acid (AAG),... 

Lai, J.-Y, Tseng, C.-W. and Lee, K.-R. 1996. Plasma graft polymerization membrane of acrylamide for pervaporation separation of aqueous alcohol mixtures. 

Kai et al. (2005) prepared cross-linked pore-filling manbranes using plasma graft polymerization. An HDPE was used as a porous substrate (pore diameter = 0.02 pm) and the monomers were methyl acrylate (MA), vinyl acrylate (VA), and N-N-methylene ( (acrylamide) (MBAAm). The PV of a 72/28 wt% chloroform-n-hexane mixture was used to examine the PV performance of the prepared membranes. The permeation rate was decreased and the separation factor increased as the concentration of the cross-linker in the monomer solution increased. This could be due to the restriction in the mobility of the grafted chain by cross-linking. 

Parvin, A. Mirzadeh, H. Khorasani, M. T., Physicochemical and Biological Evaluation of Plasma-Induced Graft Polymerization of Acrylamide onto Polydimethylsiloxane. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2008,107, 2343-2349. 

Yu, H.-Y., Xu, Z.-K., Lei, H., Hu, M.-X., Yang, Q. (2007). Photoinduced graft polymerization of acrylamide on polypropylene microporous membranes for the improvement of antifouling characteristics in a submerged membrane-bioreactor. Separation and Purification Technology, 53, 119—125. 

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