Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treatments

Haverkos HW, Pinsky PF, Drotman DP, etal Disease manifestation among homosexual men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome a possible role of nitrites in Kaposi s sarcoma. Sex Transm Dis 12 203-208, 1985 Haverkos HW, Kopstein AN, Wilson H, et al Nitrite inhalants history, epidemiology, and possible links to AIDS. Environ Health Perspect 102 858-861, 1994 Hernandez-Avila CA, Ortega-Soto HA, Jasso A, et al Treatment of inhalant-induced psychotic disorder with carbamazepine versus haloperidol. Psychiatr Serv49 812— 815, 1998... 

AIDS wasting syndrome (suspension only) - Treatment of anorexia, cachexia, or an unexplained significant weight loss in patients with a diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). 

As an alternative therapy with concurrent leucovorin administration (leucovorin protection) for the treatment of moderate to severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised patients, including patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), who are intolerant of or refractory to TMP-SMZ therapy, or for whom TMP-SMZ is contraindicated. 

Nearly 40 million people are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Over half of those infected reside in sub-Saharan Africa. Worldwide during 2004, it is estimated that nearly 14,000 people a day were infected. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is the primary etiological source for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Fortunately, people infected with HIV are leading longer and more productive lives due to the availability of more effective therapies. Better medicines have evolved due to the efforts of scientists worldwide who find targets and compounds that inhibit the virus life-cycle. The current treatment for HIV infection is via a drug cocktail that usually includes a protease inhibitor (PI), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). 

Intravenous amphotericin plus intravenous or oral flucytosine is the traditional treatment. There is an increasing role for fluconazole, particularly in maintenance therapy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The treatment for Cryptococcal meningitis is discussed in Table 15. 

In immunocompromised patients, crampy abdominal pain and prolonged severe watery diarrhoea occur. Fluid replacement and the use of an-tidiarrhoeals are the mainstay of treatment. In patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome... 

Pentamidine is active against Pneumocystis carinii, trypanosomes, and leishmaniasis unresponsive to pentavalent antimonials. It is an alternative agent for the treatment of P. carinii pneumonia. Although it is more toxic than trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, it has been widely used in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in whom P. carinii infection is common. 

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL TRIALS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome activity. Coconut oil and monolaurin —a coconut oil byproduct— were administered to 12 women and 3 men who were in the early stage of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ten patients took different doses of monolaurin, and five patients took coconut oil. It was believed that the treatment would lead to higher CD4 counts and a lower viral load. The trial was abandoned because it received only lukewarm approval from the governmenC s ... 

Indications Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome... 

PFA has recently undergone clinical evaluation in humans for the treatment of recurrent genital herpes, hepatitis B viral infection, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), as well as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of bone marrow and renal transplant patients. 

A virus is one of the smallest microorganisms, consisting of only a nucleic acid core that is surrounded by a protein shell.18 Several types of viruses commonly infect human cells and are responsible for a diverse range of pathologies. Viral infections extend from relatively mild disorders such as the common cold to serious, life-threatening conditions such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Viruses are somewhat unique in that they must rely totally on the metabolic processes of the host (human) cell to function.62 Hence, the pharmacologic treatment of viral infections is complex, because it is often difficult to selectively destroy the virus without also destroying human cells. 

Note The treatment of mycobacterial infections has become an even more important and challenging problem because of the emergence of multiple-drug-resistant organisms and because of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic, which has been associated with a marked increase in tuberculosis and infection caused by the M. avium complex. Because the microorganisms grow slowly and the diseases often are chronic, patient compliance, drug toxicity, and the development of microbial resistance present special therapeutic problems. 

Fluconazole, which is absorbed from the stomach, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of the oral and esophageal forms of candidiasis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 

Efavirenz (DMP 266) (1) is an effective non-nucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) recently registered by the US Food Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).1 2 3 Inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase by nucleosides like azidothymidine (AZT) (2) is a proven therapy for delaying the progression to AIDS. However, the rapid viral mutation to resistant strains requires the development of new therapeutic agents. The recent development of both protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors offers hope of effective treatment especially when coadministered. 

Opioids (heroin) are frequently used in combination with cocaine (speedball) by persons generally involved in crime. Early death may occur as a result of their use. Heroin addicts acquire bacterial infections producing skin abscesses, pulmonary infections, endocarditis, viral hepatitis, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). There is a range of treatment options for heroin addiction, including medication and behavioral therapies. Methadone, a synthetic opiate medication, blocks the effects of heroin its results are encouraging. 

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a member of the Herpesviridae family. HSV infection is endemic in the population. The primary symptom of infection is recurrent fever blisters. On occasion, infection can lead to more serious symptoms such as encephalitis and retinitis. In particular, immunocompromised patients, such as those undergoing chemotherapy treatments or receiving organ transplants, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) victims are at particular risk of developing life-threatening complications due to reactivation of latent infections. 

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a degenerative disease of the immune system, is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and results in life-threatening opportunistic infections and malignancies. Antiviral and im-munomodulating natural products have been investigated as treatments for AIDS (111). 

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