Acid Osteoporosis

Ascorbic acid also forms soluble chelate complexes with iron (142—145). It seems ascorbic acid has no effect on high iron levels found in people with iron overload (146). It is well known, in fact, that ascorbic acid in the presence of iron can exhibit either prooxidant or antioxidant effects, depending on the concentration used (147). The combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid may enhance the iron load in aging populations. Iron overload may be the most important common etiologic factor in the development of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis, and possibly other disorders. The synergistic combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid needs further study, particularly because the iron overload produced may be correctable (147). 

Human somatotropin 191 amino acids E. coll Pituitary dwarfism Approved for sale If useful in treatment of osteoporosis then market size will be much larger Has additional methionine residue at N-terminus, but technology for removing this now available... 

KRUGER M c and HORROBiN D F (1997) Calcium metabolism, osteoporosis and essential fatty acids a review. Prog Lipid Res 36, 131-51. 

With investigations of phytochemicals and functional foods, the outcome measure is generally going to be a biomarker of disease, such as serum cholesterol level as a marker of heart disease risk, or indicators of bone turnover as markers of osteoporosis risk. Alternatively, markers of exposure may also indicate the benefit from a functional food by demonstrating bioavailability, such as increased serum levels of vitamins or carotenoids. Some components will be measurable in both ways. For instance, effects of a folic acid-fortified food could be measured via decrease in plasma homocysteine levels, or increase in red blood cell folate. 

Patterson suffered the first of many severe asthmatic attacks after collecting acidic gas samples from a Hawaiian volcano in 1983. The steroids he took for the asthma exacerbated his inherited osteoporosis, and his frame shrank nine inches to five foot seven. He applied twice for funds to create a line of lead-free rats to study biological processes in uncontaminated mammals. After both applications were rejected, he frequently became depressed. 

Pyridyl-3-acetic acid 6 Risedronate Treatment for osteoporosis Oxidation Pseudomonas oleovorans Single-stage fermentation [7]... 

Bueline T, Cosma M and Appenzeller M. 2001. Diet acids and alkali influence calcium retention in bone. Osteoporosis Int 12 193 199. 

An alternative therapeutic approach to osteoporosis is through the use of calcitonin (798), a peptide hormone containing 32 amino acids (the sequence is species dependent) secreted by the thyroid gland, which stimulates the production of new bone. Synthetic calcitonins corresponding to human, eel, and salmon variants, and natural calcitonin extracted from pig thyroid, are all used in medicine - they have slightly different efficacies, side effects, and tolerance levels (799). 

Alendronate, risedronate, and oral ibandronate are FDA approved for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. IV ibandronate and zoledronic acid are indicated only for treatment of postmenopausal women. Risedronate and alendronate are also approved for male and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. 

Such acid and calcium excretion may be important in development of osteoporosis. To test diets of meat and vegetable protein upon urinary acid and calcium, nine human adults, aged 22 to 69 years, were fed isonitrogenous diets of chicken or soy beans in seven-day feeding periods. Diets provided daily ... 

Other examples include osteoporosis and vitamin D,28 and neural tube defects and folic acid.29 Many cancers involve genetic predispositions these, too, presumably interact with differing needs for the diverse nutrients and phytochemicals that are protective. 

The highly polar clodronic acid (9.53, R, R = Cl), etidronic acid (9.53, R = Me, R = OH), and a number of analogues have demonstrated their clinical value in the treatment of osteoporosis, but they must often be administered by slow intravenous infusion due to their poor oral bioavailability. Esterification to orally available prodrugs is, thus, an actively investigated strategy. Promising results have, for example, been obtained with (pivaloyl-oxy)methyl esters of clodronic acid [120]. 

Bonviva consists of ibandronic acid, a bisphosphonate and is available as 150 mg tablets and 1 mg/mL injection. Patients receiving the oral formulation for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis are advised to take one tablet once a month. Absorption of bisphosphonates from the gastrointestinal tract may be effected by food or other administered drugs. Therefore patients are advised to take the Bonviva 150 mg tablet at least 1 hour before breakfast or another oral medicine and to continue standing or sitting upright for at least 1 hour after administration. 

Ibandronic acid is classified as a bisphosphonate and is used in the management of osteoporosis. It acts selectively on the bone mass, decreasing the osteoclast activity and hence resulting in an increase in bone mass, including the spine cavity. 

Cathepsin K, a member of the papain superfamily of cysteine proteinases, is selectively and highly expressed in osteoclasts (Drake et al., 1996 Bromme and Okamoto, 1995). It is secreted as a 314 amino acid proenzyme containing a 99 amino acid leader sequence (Bossard et al., 1996). Cathepsin K plays an important role in bone resorption and is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases involving excessive bone loss such as osteoporosis (Veberef al., 1997). 

Dehciency can lead to a bone-softening disease, like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, and it can contribute to osteoporosis. Vitamin D overdose is rare, but it can lead to hypercalcemia and it can develop in anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Vitamin D is relatively stable in fat solutions, e.g., it is not inactivated by pasteurization or sterilization. It oxidizes in contact with air and in acid solutions. 

Agents include etidronic acid, pamidronic acid, clodronic acid, alendronic acid, ibandronic acid, rise-dronic acid, zoledronic acid and tiludronic acid. Formulations of clodronic acid and pamidronic acid are available for intravenous administration. The indications for the use of bisphosphonates include treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, hypercal-caemia of malignancy and Paget s disease. 

Finally, bisphosphonates have an important place in treatment of osteoporosis of all causes, including steroid-induced osteoporosis. Disodium etidronate, alendronate and clodronate all have potent effects to restore bone mass, and this effect persists for several years of therapy. Newer drugs such as zoledronic acid can be administered by infrequent (once-yearly) infusion, which can help compliance and reduce side effects. 

---