Acetone, liquid phase

A Catalytic Distillation Process for the One Step Synthesis of Methyl Isobutyl Ketone from Acetone Liquid Phase Kinetics of the Hydrogenation of Mesityl Oxide... 

Table 3 shows results obtained from a five-component, isothermal flash calculation. In this system there are two condensable components (acetone and benzene) and three noncondensable components (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane). Henry s constants for each of the noncondensables were obtained from Equations (18-22) the simplifying assumption for dilute solutions [Equation (17)] was also used for each of the noncondensables. Activity coefficients for both condensable components were calculated with the UNIQUAC equation. For that calculation, all liquid-phase composition variables are on a solute-free basis the only required binary parameters are those for the acetone-benzene system. While no experimental data are available for comparison, the calculated results are probably reliable because all simplifying assumptions are reasonable the... 

Butane-Naphtha Catalytic Liquid-Phase Oxidation. Direct Hquid-phase oxidation ofbutane and/or naphtha [8030-30-6] was once the most favored worldwide route to acetic acid because of the low cost of these hydrocarbons. Butane [106-97-8] in the presence of metallic ions, eg, cobalt, chromium, or manganese, undergoes simple air oxidation in acetic acid solvent (48). The peroxidic intermediates are decomposed by high temperature, by mechanical agitation, and by action of the metallic catalysts, to form acetic acid and a comparatively small suite of other compounds (49). Ethyl acetate and butanone are produced, and the process can be altered to provide larger quantities of these valuable materials. Ethanol is thought to be an important intermediate (50) acetone forms through a minor pathway from isobutane present in the hydrocarbon feed. Formic acid, propionic acid, and minor quantities of butyric acid are also formed. 

Isopropyl alcohol can be partially oxidized by a noncatalytic, liquid-phase process at low temperatures and pressure to produce hydrogen peroxide [7722-84-1] and acetone (24—26). 

Fig. 6. Breakthrough curves for aqueous acetone (10 mg 1" in feed) flowing through exnutshell granular active carbon, GAC, and PAN-based active carbon fibers, ACF, in a continuous flow reactor (see Fig. 5) at 10 ml min" and 293 K [64]. C/Cq is the outlet concentration relative to the feed concentration. Reprinted from Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Volume 34, Lin, S. H. and Hsu, F. M., Liquid phase adsorption of organic compounds by granular activated carbon and activated carbon fibers, pp. 2110-2116, Copyright 1995, with permission from the American Chemical Society.

A mixture consisting of 22.7 g potassium o-bromobenzoate, 16.6 g 2,6-dichloro-3-methvlani-line, 12 ml N-ethylmorpholine, 60 ml diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and 1.0 g anhydrous cupric bromide is heated in a nitrogen atmosphere at 145 C to 155°C for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is diluted with 60 ml diethylene glycol dimethyl ether and acidified with 25 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid. The acidic mixture is diluted with 100 ml of water and the liquid phase decanted from the insoluble oil. The insoluble oil is stirred with methanol and the crystalline N-(2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl)anthranilic acid which separates is collected and washed with methanol. The product, after recrystallization from acetone-water mixture melts at 248 C to 250°C. 

Methyl ethyl ketone MEK (2-butanone) is a colorless liquid similar to acetone, but its boiling point is higher (79.5°C). The production of MEK from n-butenes is a liquid-phase oxidation process similar to that used to... 

Direct non-catalytic liquid-phase oxidation of isobutylene to isobutylene oxide gave low yield (28.7%) plus a variety of oxidation products such as acetone, ter-butyl alcohol, and isobutylene glycol ... 

If the correct phase behavior i.e. absence of erroneous liquid phase splits is predicted by the EoS then the overall fit should be examined and it should be judged whether it is "excellent". If the fit is simply acceptable rather than "excellent", then the previously computed LS parameter estimates should suffice. This was found to be the case for the n-pentane-acetone and the methane-acetone systems presented later in this chapter. 

The present economic and environmental incentives for the development of a viable one-step process for MIBK production provide an excellent opportunity for the application of catalytic distillation (CD) technology. Here, the use of CD technology for the synthesis of MIBK from acetone is described and recent progress on this process development is reported. Specifically, the results of a study on the liquid phase kinetics of the liquid phase hydrogenation of mesityl oxide (MO) in acetone are presented. Our preliminary spectroscopic results suggest that MO exists as a diadsorbed species with both the carbonyl and olefin groups coordinated to the catalyst. An empirical kinetic model was developed which will be incorporated into our three-phase non-equilibrium rate-based model for the simulation of yield and selectivity for the one step synthesis of MIBK via CD. 

The liquid phase kinetics of the selective hydrogenation of mesityl oxide in acetone were studied for the purpose of developing a robust kinetic model to be integrated into an existing non-equilibrium rate-based model for the simulation of the CD process for MIBK production. A typical concentration versus time profde is illustrated in Figure 2. MIBK was produced with veiy high selectivity with essentially all of the MO converted to MIBK. Products from the... 

The aldol condensation of acetone to diacetone alcohol is the first step in a three-step process in the traditional method for the production of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). This reaction is catalysed by aqueous NaOH in the liquid phase. (3) The second step involves the acid catalysed dehydration of diacetone alcohol (DAA) to mesityl oxide (MO) by H2S04 at 373 K. Finally the MO is hydrogenated to MIBK using Cu or Ni catalysts at 288 - 473 K and 3- 10 bar (3). 

Results of liquid phase NMR measurements (Table 4) show that only the real substrates influences the proton shift of H3 and H9 protons of CD. These data confirmed the liquid phase interaction between the diketones and the chiral modifier. No effect of dummy substrates (ethyl acetate, acetone, etc.) was observed. No direct connection was found between kinetic data (reaction rate and optical yield) and NMR proton shift. Liquid phase NMR measurements confirmed the interaction of both 2,3-butandione and 3,4-hexanedione with the alkaloid used. 

Baxendale and Wardman (1973) note that the reaction of es with neutrals, such as acetone and CC14, in n-propanol is diffusion-controlled over the entire liquid phase. The values calculated from the Stokes-Einstein relation, k = 8jtRT/3jj, where 7] is the viscosity, agree well with measurement. Similarly, Fowles (1971) finds that the reaction of es with acid in alcohols is diffusion-controlled, given adequately by the Debye equation, which is not true in water. The activation energy of this reaction should be equal to that of the equivalent conductivity of es + ROH2+, which agrees well with the observation of Fowles (1971). 

The curves in Fig. 10 were drawn for the particular instance of a volatile solute dissolved in a volatile solvent, such as would exist for the acetone-chloroform system (whose diagram is very nearly like that of Fig. 10B). For many nonvolatile solutes, it not possible to trace smooth partial pressure curves across the entire range of mole fractions. This is especially true for aqueous salt solutions, where at a certain concentration of solute the solution becomes saturated. Any further addition of crystalline solute to the system does not change the mole fraction in the liquid phase, and the partial pressure of water thereafter remains constant, in accord with the phase rule. This phenomenon permits the use of saturated salt solutions as media to establish fixed relative humidity values in closed systems [12],... 

Hock Also known as the Hock Lang process, and the cumene peroxidation process. A process for converting isopropyl benzene (cumene) to a mixture of phenol and acetone m-di-isopropyl benzene likewise yields resorcinol, and p-di-isopropyl benzene yields hydro-quinone. The basis of the process is the liquid-phase air oxidation of cumene to cumene hydroperoxide ... 

The composition and amount of pigments in marine environments have also been vigorously investigated. Thus, on RP-HPLC method has been developed for the study of the effect of variable irradiance on the xanthophyll cycle of the seagrass Zostera marina. Extraction of pigments from seagrass was carried out by grinding the samples with acid-washed sand in the presence of 1 ml of 90 per cent acetone and the liquid phase was... 

The vapor phases of liquids such as acetone and alcohol are more flammable than their liquid phases. For flammable liquids, what is the relationship between evaporation rate and the likelihood that the liquid will burn ... 

The liquid phase activity coefficients y and y2 depend upon temperature, pressure and concentration. Typical values taken from Perry s Chemical Engineers Handbook114) are shown in Figure 11.8 for the systems m-propanol-water and acetone-chloroform. In the former, the activity coefficients are considered positive, that is greater than unity, whilst in the latter, they are fractional so that the logarithms of the values are negative. In both cases, y approaches unity as the liquid concentration approaches unity and the highest values of y occur as the concentration approaches zero. 

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