Prevention accident

H. H. Faucett and W. S. Wood, Safety and Accident Prevention in Chemical Operations, 2nd ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1982. 

Occupational Safety and Health J ct. OSHA regulations deal principally with physical aspects of safety and those things generally associated with accident prevention. These federal regulations deal especially with the need for estabHshed material safety data sheets and the proper labeling of printing inks under the Hazard Communication Laws. 

The state of Louisiana amended its air quaUty regulations (26) to incorporate requirements for chemical accident prevention, and several other states, including Michigan and New York, are considering process safety regulations. 

R. D. Coffee, in H. H. Fawcett and W. S. Wood, Safety and Accident Prevention in Chemical Operations, 2nd ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1982, p. 305 International Symposium on Runaway Reactions, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York, 1989, pp. 140, 144,177, 234. 

Regulations. The U.S. Bureau of Mines, Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA) studies hazards and advises on accident prevention. MESA also adrninisters laws dealing with safety in mines. Individual states may also have departments of mines to adrninister state standards. 

Process safety differs from the traditional approach to accident prevention in a number of ways (Lees, Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2ded., Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996, p. 1.8) ... 

Regulate the design and operation of defined major hazard installations. All necessary measures are required to prevent and limit the consequences of major accidents. Operators of upper-tier sites must produce a detailed Safety Report those of lower-tier sites must prepare a Major Accident Prevention Policy. 

The Rohm and Haas Major Accident Prevention Program (Ren-shaw, 1990 Berger and Lantzy, 1996 Hendershot, 1991a) is based on potential accident consequence analysis and uses checklists based on inherently safer design principles to identify ways to eliminate or reduce hazards. 

McQuaid, J. (1991). Know Your Enemy The Science of Accident Prevention. Trans. IChemE 69, Part B (February), 9-19. 

Renshaw, F. M. (1990). A Major Accident Prevention Program. Plant/Ofterations Progress 9, 3 (July), 194-97. 

Ensure that the contractor/subcontractor can implement a comprehensive health and safety program in compliance with applicable regulations, including accident prevention programs, medical surveillance, training, work practice controls, use of personal protective equipment, and so on. 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency concentrates on modeling the dispersion of toxic material in the environment and the health effects thereof rather than accident prevention, The... 

Roussakis, N. and Lapp. K. 1989. Prevention of Oil Storage Tank Explosions m Flaring Operations. Paper presented at the Canadian Petroleum Association Accident Prevention Committee, March 20, 1989, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 

The basic assumption is that the individual always has the choice of whether or not to behave in an unsafe manner. The implication of this assumption is that the responsibility for accident prevention ultimately rests with the individual worker. It also implies that as long as management has expended reasonable efforts to persuade an individual to behave responsibly, has provided training in safe methods of work, and has provided appropriate guarding of hazards or personal protection equipment, then it has discharged its responsibilities for accident prevention. If these remedies fail, the only recourse is disciplinary action and ultimately dismissal. 

Having described the underlying philosophy of the traditional approach to accident prevention, we shall now discuss some of the specific methods that are used to implement it, namely motivational campaigns and disciplinary action and consider the evidence for their success. We shall also discuss another frequently employed strategy, the use of safety audits. 

The function of this section is to provide an overall framework within which to describe the important aspects of data collection systems in the CPI. As mentioned in the introduction, the emphasis in this chapter will be on methods for identifying the causes of errors that have led to accidents or significant near misses. This information is used to prevent reoccurrence of similar accidents, and to identify the underlying causes that may give rise to new types of accidents in the future. Data collection thus has a proactive accident prevention function, even though it is retrospective in the sense that it is usually carried out after an accident or near miss has already occurred. 

The type of data collected on human error and the ways in which these data are used for accident prevention will vary depending upon the model of error and accident causation held by the management of an organization. This model will also influence the culture in the plant and the willingness of personnel to participate in data collection activities. In Chapters 1 and 2 a number of alternative viewpoints or models of human error were described. These models will now be briefly reviewed and their implications for the treatment of human error in the process industry will be discussed. 

Emphasis for prevention will be on changing individual behavior by symbolic or tangible rewards based on statistical evidence from the data collection system. "Hard" performance indicators such as lost time incidents will therefore be preferred to "softer" data such as near-miss reports. Accident prevention will also emphasize motivational campaigns designed to enhance the awareness of hazards and adherence to rules. If a severe accident occurs, it is likely that disciplinary sanctions will be applied. 

Along with the rise of teclmology, industry lias improved its accident prevention measures. Further improvements are expected in the future. Unfortunately, many improvements are not made until after an accident has occurred. 

Recycle control loops intended for accident prevention Emergency shutdown features... 

Risk Assessment - to identify the risk of an EHS accident associated with a particular EHS operation and, if required, determine the likelihood and consequences of the accidental release in order to develop a risk reduction plan that focuses on accident prevention... 

L. Theodore, J, Reynolds, and K, Morris, Healtli, Safely and Accident Prevention Industrial Applications, Theodore Tutorials, East Westchester, NY, 1997. 

For the most part, future trends will be found in liazard accident prevention, not liazard analysis. To help promote liazard accident prevention, companies should start employee-training programs. These programs should be designed to alert staff and employees about tlie liazards tliey are exposed to on tlie job. Training should also cover company safety policies and tlie proper procedures to follow in case an accident does occur. A major avenue to reducing risk will involve source reduction of hazardous materials. Risk education and communication are two other areas tliat will need iniprovemcnt. 

L. Theodore and K. Morris, "dlealth. Safety and Accident Prevention Industrial Applications", A Theodore Tutorial, East Willington, NY, 1998. J. Crowl, and J. Lou ar, Chemical Safety Fundamentals ll ith Applications, Englewood, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1990. 

The proper handling of chemicals in the process is critical for accident prevention. The liazard potential of an operation depends on tlie nature and physical state of the material. For e. aniple, accidents may result from... 

Chapter 6 Accident Prevention in Process Facilities, Carol Earle (Conti)... 

S.C. Levy, P.Bro, Battery Hazards and Accident Prevention, Plenum, New York, 1994. 

True. A correctly worn seat belt will, in the event of an accident, prevent you being thrown violently forward or to the side resulting in a potentially life-threatening impact with the interior of the car. 

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