Capitalization abbreviations

What are common conventions regarding abbreviations, capitalization, and parentheses in a poster ... 

Abbreviations capital letters for the four points of the compass (C = Central) and continents (e.g. AM = America), respectively Medit. = Mediterranean 20 species native to South-East Asia... 

Microscopy is an unusual scientific discipline, involving as it does a wide variety of microscopes and techniques. All have in common the abiUty to image and enlarge tiny objects to macroscopic size for study, comparison, evaluation, and identification. Few industries or research laboratories can afford to ignore microscopy, although each may use only a small fraction of the various types. Microscopy review articles appear every two years m. Jinalytical Chemistty (1,2). Whereas the style of the Enclyclopedia employs lower case abbreviations for analytical techniques and instmments, eg, sem for scanning electron microscope, in this article capital letters will be used, eg, SEM. 

Whereas analytical techniques are often abbreviated using capital letters, Eniyclopedia style is to use the lower case. 

In some cases, several abbreviations are used for the same protective group. We have listed the abbreviations as used by an author in his original paper, including capital and lowercase letters. Occasionally, the same abbreviation has been used for two different protective groups. This information is also included. 

Note. In abbreviations, a capital P is used to indicate a terminal -PO3H2 group or a non-terminal -PO2H- group (or dehydronated forms). 

Notice how the abbreviation for each quantity, being a variable, is always italicized, whereas the abbreviation for the unit, which is not a variable, is printed with an upright typeface. None of these unit names starts with a capital. 

In 1909, Sorenson described the development of the pH scale based on the work of Arrhenius and the characteristics of water. Experiments and the resulting calculations show that water dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (HO-) and that the product of their concentrations equals close to 10"14 ions in aqueous solution. From this, a pH scale from 0 to 14 was developed and the scale describing this relationship using the abbreviation pH was developed (in the older literature [13], one may encounter both the p and the h capitalized, i.e., as PH). Today, it is universally designated as pH [13,22]. 

In part 1, we analyze excerpts move by move, focusing on levels of detail, formality, and conciseness (including the noticeable absence of ordinal language), writing conventions (including capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, and units), and grammar and mechanics. 

Genus names, as formal names, should be capitalized and italicized. Species should not be capitalized, but they should be italicized. Genus names are spelled out in full at first mention and abbreviated thereafter. 

Look over excerpts 3B-3H. Propose rules that describe the appropriate use of capitalization, abbreviations, parentheses, sentence fragments, numbers (spelled out or in number form), and units. 

Lowercase letters are also used for units derived from surnames when they appear in spelled-out form and do not follow a number. The abbreviated form, used as a unit after a number, is capitalized. Celsius and Fahrenheit are always capitalized because they refer to temperature scales (not actual units). 

In addition to capitalization, move 1 of the Methods section is also an excellent place to examine how chemists use abbreviations and acronyms in their writing. Abbreviations are short forms of words or phrases where each letter is often pronounced (e.g., DNA) acronyms are short forms of words or phrases that form pronounceable words (e.g., NASA). Both are common in chemical writing, in part because they make the writing more concise. A few abbreviations are so common that they can be used without ever introducing the full term (e.g., DNA, IR, NMR, UV, RNA). Most abbreviations, however, need to be dehned before they can be used on their own in such cases, abbreviations are placed in parentheses immediately/oHowing the full terms that they represent. For example. 

Writing conventions Check to be sure that you have used voice (mostly passive) and tense (mostly past tense) correctly. Check your formatting of units and numbers, use of abbreviations and acronyms, and capitalization of compounds and vendors. 

Capitalization conventions for a Methods section Guidelines for spelling out abbreviations in a Methods section Guidelines for the inclusion of an illustration of an apparatus in a Methods section... 

Consider your use of capitalization, colons, and abbreviations. Do they follow recommended guidelines and/or common practices, as seen in others titles ... 

Compare excerpts 9A and 9B. What similarities and differences do you notice Consider science content, organization, and writing conventions (e.g., subheadings, capitalization, abbreviations, and parentheses). 

Capitalization Molecular formulas (NaOH), abbreviations (RGBs), instrument vendors (Varian 3800 GC), and chemical compounds (e.g., 2-methylpropanal ) are capitalized as recommended in The ACS Style Guide. 

Label all axes. A common format is to use unbolded font and to capitalize only the first letter of words (e.g., Reaction Time, not REACTION TIME). Place units in parentheses, using standard abbreviations (e.g., min, s) and special characters (e.g., a, p, m, Cb). Place labels outside and parallel to the axes. 

Note the use of et al. in the preceding examples. The abbreviation et al. (from the Latin et alia) means and others and is used to refer to works that have three or more authors. In the author—date system, the abbreviation et al. follows the last name of the hrst author every time the work is cited. In most ACS journals, et ah , if it is used, is used without capital letters, quotation marks, or italics. In some non-ACS journals, et al. is italicized ( et al ), but the rules regarding capital letters and quotation marks are the same. Because et al. means and others, the verb following et al. must agree with the plural subject (e.g., Snow et al. show... ). Consider the following incorrect and correct examples (based on ACS guidelines) ... 

Rule 10 Form the plural of multiple-letter, all-capital abbreviations and abbreviations ending in a capital letter by adding a lowercase s only. Do not put an apostrophe before the s do not add an s to units of measure ... 

Abbreviations, generally initials in capital letters, are also employed to describe polymers. Table 3 contains a listing of some of the more widely used abbreviations and the polymer associated with the abbreviation. 

Abbreviations are written in capitals and should be defined the first time that are used. The definition should be repeated in the summary for all but the most common acronyms (e.g., clinical pathology parameters). Proper names, e.g.. Valium, are capitalized, chemical names, e.g., diazepam, are not. Only the first letter of a proper noun is written in capitals, not the entire word. 

The joule is a rather small unit of energy. It takes approximately 10,000 joules to raise the temperature of a coffee cup of water by 10°C. Often kilojoules (kJ) are used with 1 kJ equal to 1,000 J. Another popular unit is the calorie, abbreviated with a c. A calorie is the amount of heat necessary to raise one gram of water by 1°C. One calorie is equal to 4.18 joules. The physical unit of a calorie should not be confused with a food calorie. A food calorie, symbolized with a capital C, is equivalent to 1,000 calories. When you eat a piece of cake with 400 Calories, you have actually consumed 400,000 calories. 

Abbreviations and acronyms—shortened forms of words represented by capital letters... 

Following the above lists, the journals, books, and other reference sources most frequently used are given, together with our abbreviations for them (See pp Abbr 66-76), Journal abbreviations, not included in our list, are the same as given in the "List of Periodicals Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts, Ohio University, Columbus 10, Ohio (1956), except that we do not use periods and leave no space between abbreviated words. Although the French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese books and journals do not capitalize the words in titles (except the first word) we use captials, as is the practice in abbreviating US and British journals... 

Write the names and abbreviations for each of the prefixes from 10-24 to 1024. Which abbreviations are capitalized ... 

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