Limits of agreement

Figure 21.7 An example of a Bland-Altman plot The bias is -1.5 and the limits of agreement-0.5 to -2.8. There is poor agreement in this case.

Fig. 2 Agreement between the Cobas Integra 700 and Kone Microlyte 6 methods as an Altman-Bland (AB) plot. The 95% limits of agreement are illustrated as dashed lines...

Method comparison between SIDA, radiobinding assay (A) or microbiological assay (B) for serum folates. The results are presented as Bland-Altman difference plots solid line represents the mean difference between the two methods. The SIDA method is used as the comparison method. Dashed lines represent the limits of agreement or 0.95 central intervals of the differences between the two methods (mean difference = 2 SD). A total of 46 serum samples were used in the analysis in A and 49 for the analysis in B. 

This graph shows that the measured fluid balance is strongly correlated with the calculated body water (r = 0.9324). When taking this correlation into account, both measurement methods have been compared using a Bland-Altman plot (see fig. 8 (b)). It shows that the mean error is low and all measured values lie within the limits of agreement (1.96 a), where cr is the standard deviation of the mean value /t. 

Precipitates may be dried in a dessicator in order, in a first stage, to obtain the so-called equilibrium weight (limits of agreement with previous weights of the same precipitate 0.5 mg). The filter paper must be dried ahead of time, as the filtering crucibles must also be. For the latter, this is done in furnaces. 

The results of several studies were interpreted by the Poole-Erenkel mechanism of field-assisted release of electrons from traps in the bulk of the oxide. In other studies, the Schottky mechanism of electron flow controlled by a thermionic emission over a field-lowered barrier at the counter electrode oxide interface was used to explain the conduction process. Some results suggested a space charge-limited conduction mechanism operates. The general lack of agreement between the results of various studies has been summari2ed (57). 

Container sliips have guides in the hold and on deck which hold boxlike containers or tanks. The tank is latched to a trailer chassis and hauled to shipside. A movable gantiy, sometimes permanently installed on the ship, hoists the tank from the trailer and Towers it into the guides on the ship. This system achieves large savings in labor, but its apphcation is sometimes limited by lack of agreement between ship operators and unions. 

Phase transitions in adsorbed layers often take place at low temperatures where quantum effects are important. A method suitable for the study of phase transitions in such systems is PIMC (see Sec. IV D). Next we study the gas-liquid transition of a model fluid with internal quantum states. The model [193,293-300] is intended to mimic an adsorbate in the limit of strong binding and small corrugation. No attempt is made to model any real adsorbate realistically. Despite the crudeness of the model, it has been shown by various previous investigations [193,297-300] that it captures the essential features also observed in real adsorbates. For example, the quite complex phase diagram of the model is in qualitative agreement with that of real substances. The Hamiltonian is given by... 

The calculated ioi as a function of basis set and electron correlation (valence electrons only) at the experimental geometry is given in Table 11.8. As the cc-pVXZ basis sets are fairly systematic in how they are extended from one level to the next, there is some justification for extrapolating the results to the infinite basis set limit (Section 5.4.5). The HF energy is expected to have an exponential behaviour, and a functional form of the type A + 5exp(—Cn) with n = 2-6 yields an infinite basis set limit of —76.0676 a.u., in perfect agreement with the estimated HF limit of -76.0676 0.0002 a.u. ... 

This approximation improves as we take more and more, smaller and smaller, Carnot cycles, until in the limit of an infinite number of infinitesimal cycles, the agreement is exact. When this occurs, the sum in equation (2.36) is replaced by an integral over the cycle. That is,... 

Routine use for control purposes has shown the method to be reliable and interlaboratory agreement on data has been good. The method as presented has consistently detected < 1 ppm of sultone in a 38% alkenesulfonate solution. By concentrating the solution of the neutral oil and using silica gel column chromatography, 0.1 ppm of sultone can readily be detected. Further changes in GC conditions and sensitivity can give even lower limits of detection. 

As this kind of verification of classical J-diffusion theory is crucial, the remarkable agreement obtained sounds rather convincing. From this point of view any additional experimental treatment of nitrogen is very important. A vast bulk of data was recently obtained by Jameson et al. [270] for pure nitrogen and several buffer solutions. This study repeats the gas measurements of [81] with improved experimental accuracy. Although in [270] Ti was measured, instead of T2 in [81], at 150 amagat and 300 K and at high densities both times coincide within the limits of experimental accuracy. 

The fundamental aspects of the problem are well established the measured concentrations of the CFCs indicate that they accumulate in the lower atmosphere and that they reach the stratosphere. As expected, chlorine atoms and CIO radicals are found in the stratosphere together with other species such as O, OH, HO2, NO, NO2, HCl, CIONO2, HOCl, etc. The observed concentrations are in reasonable agreement with the model predictions if the limitations of the models, as well as atmospheric variability, are taken into account. 

The for the substrate UTP has been measured and does not show significant differences between wt and mutant enzymes. The model shows that the space available to substituents in positions 4 and 5 of the thiophene is limited, in agreement with SAR studies. Interaction with a number of basic and lipophilic residues bound... 

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