A Retrospective

A Retrospective Look at the Development of Eddy-Current Testing on Aircraft Wheels ... 

M. Crow and co-workers. Synthetic FuelTechnology Development in the United States—-A. Retrospective Assessment, Praeger Pubhshing, New York, 1988. 

Pentoxifylline is stmcturaHy related to other methylxanthine derivatives such as caffeine [58-02-2] (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), theobromine [83-67-0] (3,7-dimethylxanthine), and theophylline [58-55-9] (3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1 H-piirine-2,6-dione or 1,3-dimethylxanthine), which also show radioprotective activity in some instances, suggesting that methylxanthines as a dmg class may radioprotect through a common mechanism (see Alkaloids). In a retrospective analysis of cervical and endometrial cancer patients receiving primary or adjuvant XRT, no association between caffeine consumption and incidence of acute radiation effects has been found. However, there was a decreased incidence of severe late radiation injury in cervical cancer patients who consumed higher levels of caffeine at the time of thek XRT (121). The observed lack of correlation between caffeine consumption and acute radiation effects is consistent with laboratory investigations using pentoxifylline. 

Bergman, B. 1992 The Development of Reliability Techniques a retrospective survey. Reliability and System Safety, 36, 3-6. 

EPSRC 1999 Ri.sk As.ses.sment and Management - A Retrospective Evaluation of the EPSRC s Recent Research Portfolio. Swindon Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK. http //www.epsrc.ac.uk/... 

Task analysis can also be used in a retrospective mode during the detailed investigation of major incidents. The starting point of such an investigation must be the systematic description of the way in which the task was actually carried out when the incident occurred. This may, of course, differ from the prescribed way of performing the operation, and TA provides a means of explicitly identifying such differences. Such comparisons are valuable in identifying the immediate causes of an accident. 

The focus of this chapter has been on proactive application of these analytical methods such as safety audits, development of procedures, training needs analysis, and equipment design. However, many of these methods can also be used in a retrospective mode, and this issue deserves further attention in its own right. Chapter 6 describes analytical methods for accident investigations and data collection. 

When looking at these examples, you can see that verification is very much a retrospective activity, where the objective is to confirm that what has happened is correct. In contrast, validation takes a prospective view, with the objective being to establish confidence that a product or process will work satisfactorily going forward. 

The mentoring that is to take place after the assignment is crucial as well it is important to individuals to conduct a retrospective analysis of the experience on the basis of which they can draw out the main learning points. Mentees may want the opportimity to work out how they can leverage the experience gained abroad, and they need support in re-adjusting to their... 

Zimmet SV, Strous RD, Burgess ES, et al Effects of clozapine on substance use in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder a retrospective survey. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20 94—98, 2000... 

Mahajna, A. et al. Blunt and penetrating injuries caused by rubber bullets during the IsraeU-Arab conflict in October 2000 A retrospective study. Lancet, 359, 1795-1800, 2002. 

There is little evidence relating to the pharmacoeconomic aspects of the use of quetiapine. In the UK, a retrospective audit of 20 patients (Lee et al, 1998), published only as a conference abstract, tentatively suggested decreased costs for those patients, largely through a reduction in hospital stay and resource use. Quetiapine may also improve quality of life (Hellewell et al, 1999). A large, randomized, controlled pharmacoeconomic evaluation is apparently under way (Drummond et al, 1998) and results are awaited. 

Addington DE, Jones B, Bloom D, et al (1993). Reduction of hospital days in chronic schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone a retrospective study. Clin Ther 15,917-26. 

Albright PS, Livingstone S, Keegan DL (1996). Reduction of healthcare resource utilisation and costs following the use of risperidone for patients with schizophrenia previously treated with standard antipsychotic therapy a retrospective analysis using the Saskatchewan Health Linkable Databases. Clin Drug Invest 11,289-99. 

The only study conducted in the UK (Forder et al, 1996) employed a retrospective, quasi-experimental design in which patients from an open-label study of sertraline were compared with age- and gender-matched patients prescribed TCAs in a primary care setting. The study found that sertraline was more effective than TCAs (87% versus 74%,... 

Edgell ET, Hylan TR (1997). Economic outcomes associated with initial treatment choice in depression a retrospective database analysis. Am J Managed Care 5, S51. 

Ernst et al. performed a retrospective analysis of 20 consecutive patients (median NIHSS 21) who presented within 3 hours of stroke symptoms and were treated using IV rt-PA (0.6 mg/kg) followed by LA rt-PA (up to 0.3 mg/kg or 24 mg, whichever was less, over a maximum period of 2 hours) in 16 of the 20 patients. Despite a high number of ICA occlusions (8/16), TIMI 2 and 3 recanalization rates were... 

No direct comparison trials have been reported between the different thrombolytic agents in acute ischemic stroke. In a retrospective review of the results for acute stroke lAT performed at our center, we have found significantly higher rates of recanalization and good clinical outcome in the era in which lA UK was used versus the era in which UK was not available and lAT with rt-PA was the primary treatment. Conversely, in another retrospective study, Eckert et al. found no major difference between the recanalization rates of UK and rt-PA. 

In rodent stroke models, statin pretreatment has been shown to reduce infarct volumes and improve outcomes. Similarly, several clinical studies have shown that prior statin use reduced the severity of acute ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Recent studies indicate that beneftt can be achieved even when treatment is initiated after the onset of symptoms. In rodents, atorvastatin and simvastatin have been shown to reduce the growth of ischemic lesions, enhance functional outcome, and induce brain plasticity when administered after stroke onset. A retrospective analysis of the population-based Northern Manhattan Stroke Study (NOMASS) showed that patients using lipid-lowering agents at the time of ischemic stroke have a lower incidence of in-hospital stroke progression and reduced 90-day mortality rates. Retrospective analysis of data of the phase III citicoline trial showed... 

Many clinicians are concerned about the use of DC for dominant hemisphere strokes, but Kastrau et al. found in a retrospective review of 14 dominant hemisphere stroke patients with aphasia that significant improvement (13/14 patients) was achieved in these preselected younger patients who underwent early poststroke DC. In contrast, a retrospective study by Foerch et al. found that older patients fared quite poorly in terms of functional outcome and quality of life, especially in those with severe neurological deficit at admission. These results were replicated by Curry et al., who also found that younger patients also were more likely to require reoperations for continued herniation. Uhl et al. ° found no prognostic value to the side of infarction in their analysis of 188 patients who underwent DC for massive hemispheric infarction. 

A retrospective case-control study conducted in humans compared spontaneous abortion rates among women who had been exposed occupationally or nonoccupationally to trichloroethylene and other solvents to rates among women without solvent exposure (Windham et al. 1991). The authors observed approximately three times the risk of spontaneous abortion with exposure to trichloroethylene. This risk increased further when women with less than a half hour of exposure to trichloroethylene each week were excluded from the analysis. However, a consistent dose-response relationship was not observed, and most of the women were exposed to a variety of solvents, not just trichloroethylene. 

In contrast, three European studies have found slight but statistically significant increases in cancer in workers exposed to trichloroethylene. A survey of Finnish workers exposed to primarily trichloroethylene found an association of limited statistical significance between exposure and incidence of stomach, liver, prostate, and lymphohematopoietic cancers (Antilla et al. 1995). However, the study did not reliably separate the effects of individual solvents, so attributing these cancers to trichloroethylene exposure alone was not possible. A significant association between workplace exposure to trichloroethylene and kidney cancer was found in a retrospective cohort study of German cardboard factory workers (Henschler et al. 1995). The... 

Reproductive Toxicity. Increased miscarriages were reported in one study of nurse-anesthetists exposed to trichloroethylene and other solvents (Corbett et al. 1974). A retrospective case-control study has should an approximate 3-fold increase in spontaneous abortion in women exposed to trichloroethylene and other solvents (Windham et al. 1991). Significant effects on sperm parameters were not observed in men occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene (Rasmussen et al. 1988). Adverse reproductive effects were not noted in humans that ingested water contaminated with trichloroethylene and other solvents (Byers et al. 

A Retrospective View of Advances in Heterogeneous Catalysis 1956-1996, Science... 

FIGURE 4.11 The PRISMA model. (Adapted from Siouffi, A.-M. and Abbou, M., Optimization of the mobile phase, in Planar Chromatography, A Retrospective View for the Third Millennium, Nyiredy, Sz., Ed., Springer Scientific, Budapest, 2001, chap. 3. With permission.)... 

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