Reliability techniques

The pursuit of product quality over the last few decades has been intense in many companies around the world, but in many sectors of industry, reliability is considered to be the most important quality attribute of the product (Kehoe, 1996). As consumers become more aware than ever of quality, their expectations for reliability are also increasing. Even equipment without obvious safety concerns can have important reliability implications. Most products can, therefore, benefit from the use of sound reliability techniques (Burns, 1994). Reliability prediction, in turn, has the benefit that it gives a quantifiable estimate of the likely reliability that can be assessed to see if this is appropriate for the market (Stephenson and Wallace, 1996). 

Bergman, B. 1992 The Development of Reliability Techniques a retrospective survey. Reliability and System Safety, 36, 3-6. 

Throughout these guidelines it is argued that when engineering techniques for the design and assessment of process equipment and control systems are supplemented with human reliability techniques, then performance of both the hardware and humans will be optimized. 

Information on dioxins in the environment was acquired rapidly by using some simple, but safe and reliable techniques developed for chlorinated pesticdes. Based on results of these tests, one should be able to predict whether routes of entry into aquatic and terrestrial food chains are significant, the rate and products of decomposition mechanism, and their general longevity in the environment. 

SPE in cartridge or disk form is a rugged and reliable technique used in water analysis and is applicable to numerous classes of organic compounds including the... 

Other extraction methods use an SPE disk and SPME. The analysis of water samples using SPE disks (SPE-Cig disk) was performed according to the methodology described by Albanis and Hela. Generally, the SPME method is a more reliable technique than SPE for trace analysis that can shorten the analytical procedure. 

Solubility and dissolution are processes that take place in the gastric and the luminal fluids, not on the surface of epithelial cells. Measurement of solubility ideally needs to take place at pH 1.7 (stomach) and pH 5-8 (small intestinal tract). Ideally, the screen media should resemble intestinal fluids and contain bile acid-lecithin mixed micelles. Fast and reliable techniques for assessing solubility in... 

The most reliable technique to find the global optimum by means of common methods is the transition from the quasi-two-dimensional approach (Fig. 5.3b,c) to a complete two-dimensional one. It consists of a certain number of experiments as shown in Fig. 5.4. 

Hence, for modern FRET and FLIM techniques in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry it is important to keep the enthusiasm for the in situ technique, yielding unprecedented rich information on molecular states in live cells, and to keep the advantages of easy labeling techniques, modern microscopes and automated data processing. However, we need to educate the new generations of FRET scientists in the theoretical background of the technique, how it should be done correctly, and what the sources of errors are. Only then it will be clear that FRET-(FLIM) is a very direct, robust, extremely sensitive, and reliable technique. 

Considering all the above factors for amino acid racemisation rates, this technique cannot be used as an absolute dating technique. To overcome the problem of uncertainty, the amino acid racemisation method must be calibrated against other more reliable techniques. 

The Mantoux method of PPD administration, which is the most reliable technique, consists of the intracutaneous injection of PPD containing 5... 

Thermal spray, laser deposition, physical vapor deposition, and magnetron sputtering are physical processes that are used for fabrication of electrolyte thin films. Sputtering is a reliable technique for film deposition and is being used in industry... 

In order to utilize TLC as a reliable technique, the sample must be readily soluble in organic solvents such as methanol, isopropanol, or mixtures of methanol and other additives such as ammonium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. For any type of quantitative testing to be done on a pharmaceutical sample, it must be soluble at a concentration of = 25 mg/ml. If sonication is necessary to disperse the sample, it may be used. The sample must also be stable in organic solvents for at least 1 h ideally. Validation testing should be conducted throughout the duration of this test to ensure the sample stays in solution, and does not degrade in the solvent of choice. 

The shift in the absorption position helps in predicting this factors which cause this shift. Some of the factors which cause this shift from its characteristic wave number are inductive effect, conjugation, angle or strain and hydrogen bonding etc. Therefore, it is a very reliable technique for disclosing the identity of compound. 

With the tremendous increase in matrix complexity as observed in the analysis of surfactants in environmental samples, the application of LC-MS and MS-MS, will become the only reliable technique while even highly specific and selective FIA-MS and MS-MS techniques fail. 

Combinatorial chemistry as described above, fraught with problems of expense, purity, compound identification, and storage have largely been supplanted in the modem medicinal chemistry laboratory by the more measured and reliable techniques broadly termed "parallel synthesis."... 

The determination of the capillary pressure of a diffusion layer is critical, not only to have a better understanding of the mass transport mechanisms inside DLs but also to improve their design. In addition, the accuracy of mafhemafical models can be increased with the use of experimental data obtained through reliable techniques. Both Gostick et al. [196] and Kumbur et al. [199] described and used the MSP method in detail to determine the capillary pressures of differenf carbon fiber paper and carbon cloth DLs as a function of the nonwetting phase saturation. Please refer to the previous subsection and these publications for more information regarding how the capillary pressures were determined. 

As a result of this work reliable techniques for characterizing... 

As described in Chapter 11, bond valences can play a role in modelling but, since most crystal structures can still not be predicted ab initio, diffraction methods remain the most common and reliable technique for determining the structures of those compounds that can be prepared as single crystals large enough for study by X-ray or neutron diffraction. 

Recently, more rapid LC-MS methods have been developed to simultaneously detect free BAs and their conjugates. LC-MS has proven to be a reliable technique for the diagnosis of inborn errors of BA metabolism, even with very little sample amounts available. The specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, speed and the ability to perform simultaneous measurements characterise routine analysis of free BAs and their conjugates in LC-MS. 

In its conventional mode, capillary action TLC is a simple but versatile procedure that does not require expensive equipment. Therefore, TLC has a particular potential as a reliable technique for laboratories with very limited resources for instrumental equipment. The sample, either liquid or dissolved in a volatile solvent, is deposited as a spot on the stationary phase. Standards are also applied on the layer to be simultaneously run with the unknown sample for identification purposes. Volume precision and exact positioning are ensured by the use of a suitable instrument. The bottom edge of the plate is placed in a solvent reservoir, and the mobile phase moves up the plate by capillary action for a predetermined distance. In this process, the different components of the sample migrate up the plate at different rates due to differences in their partitioning behavior between... 

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