A rapid expansion

The rising interest in this area during the last 10 years seems to be the consequence of several factors converging  

But of course, science progresses also largely because of individual achievements, and without diminishing the importance of other contributions we would like to mention the work of M.C. Etter [13] and G. Desiraju [14] in the 

Another problem with names of the type (10,3)-x and even SrSi2 is that they are notoriously difficult to track in Scifmder (CA), Science Citation Index and other databases (a problem we will briefly touch upon in section 4.4). Thus we should be grateful to O Keeffe, Yaghi, Delgado-Friedrichs, and their groups, for their classification work and for the comprehensive web site dedicated to nets, the source of the three letter codes appearing throughout the text [4,5]. 

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Figure 8.12. Energy balance in catastrophic fragmentation, (a) Rapid expansion fragmentation and (b) Fragmentation Energy.

The well-documented case of the United States serves as an illustration. During the period 1870 to 1900 the farm population was increased through a rapid expansion of the agricultural area. The agricultural labor force increased by 60 percent, but there was a replacement of labor by nonland capital in the form of horses and mules. New and more efficient types of horse-drawn machinery including plows, cultivars, seed drills, grain harvesters, and mowers became available. 

The development of synthetic routes to new polyphosphazene structures began in the mid 1960 s (2-4). The initial exploratory development of this field has now been followed by a rapid expansion of synthesis research, characterization, and applications-oriented work. The information shown in Figure 3 illustrates the sequence of development of synthetic pathways to polyphosphazenes. It seems clear that this field has grown into a major area of polymer chemistry and that polyphosphazenes, as well as other inorganic macromolecules, will be used increasingly in practical applications where their unique properties allow the solution of difficult engineering and biomedical problems. 

During the last decade there was a rapid expansion in the organic sector of European agriculture (Fig. 15.1). By the end of 2002, organic farming in Europe accounted for 5.8 million hectares on 190 000 holdings. This represents 4% of European agricultural land area, with 10% or more in some countries, and an annual retail market currently valued at more than 10 billion (Lampkin, 2004). The current scale and future potential of the sector is enormous. 

Explosion An explosion is a rapid expansion of gases resulting in a rapidly moving pressure or shock wave. The expansion can be mechanical (by means of a sudden rupture of a pressurized vessel), or it can be the result of a rapid chemical reaction. Explosion damage is caused by the pressure or shock wave. 

Since 1945 an increasing understanding of the phenomenon of cavitation has developed coupled with significant developments in electronic circuitry and transducer design (i. e. devices which convert electrical to mechanical signals and vice versa). As a result of this there has been a rapid expansion in the application of power ultrasound to chemical processes, a subject which has become known as Sonochemistry . 

Explosion A rapid expansion of gases resulting from a chemical or physical action that produces a pressure wave. 

The methods of analysis involving numerical solutions appear sufficiently well advanced to permit a rapid expansion of the microscopic analysis of turbulent transport as soon as some of the basic experimental facts are obtained. The next advance of particular interest to the chemical engineer appears to be an understanding of the kinetics of chemical reactions in turbulent flow. The fluctuating temperatures and concentrations introduce perturbation in the normal approach to kinetics that may well yield interesting results in the field of combustion and perhaps in chemical processing. 

Blast. A phenomenon caused by a rapid expansion, at high pressure and temperature, of the gases resulting from an explosion(see Blast Effects)... 

Instrumentation developments in the 1920 s and 30 s led to a rapid expansion of spectroscopic methods in the laboratory (28, 34-39). These included further penetration into the infrared regime and some applications to infrared transmission in the atmosphere. Additional equipment was developed during World War II as a result of military requirements. This period was a fruitful one for the science of spectroscopy, and saw the first applications of infrared equipment as gas measurement tools (40-41) and as routine process controllers (42). 

Over the past fifteen years there has been a rapid expansion of the field of asymmetric catalysis with approximately twenty classes of reactions now having been achieved with high (> 70% e.e.) optical purity. Some representative examples follow. 

A totally new field of rhodium chemistry was opened up by the discovery of the remarkable catalytic properties of [RhCl(PPh3)3] by Wilkinson s school.9,10 This important complex has stimulated a rapid expansion in the chemistry of the lower oxidation state complexes. Much of this interest has, inevitably, spilled over into the organometalic chemistry of the element and is thus outside the scope of this chapter. 

After the first production of homopolymer and copolymers a rapid expansion of production of acetal resins by different companies occurred worldwide starting in the 1960s. Acetal copolymer was produced by Polyplastics (joined company of Hoechst and Daicel) in Japan, by BASF and Degussa in Europe, by Asahi, Mitsubishi in Japan in the 1970s. Plants were built in Poland and the Soviet Union recently in the 1990s new plants were constructed in Asia, Korea, and Taiwan. The names and the capacity of production of these acetal resins is given in the following text. 

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