Progress, in science

Flahaut, Progress in Science and Technology of Rare Earths, (Leroy Eyring, ed), 3 209-283, Pergamon Press (1968)... 

The progress in science does not proceed with a steady pace. Periods of quantitative growths, often rich of results, begin, and end, with sudden changes which gives rise to a quantitative turn in the research methods. 

Finally, reductionism can refer to an attitude toward science, an attitude that I term the hup-two-three school. Reductionists think that we can actually make progress in science. No problem is, in principle, impossible to solve. Perhaps we cannot solve it now, it looks too complicated, but if we only work harder, we can solve it. Anti-reductionists disagree. Some phenomena are simply too complicated to understand from a reductionistic perspective or by using reductionist methods. If these phenomena are to be understood at all, they will have to be understood from a more holistic perspective. In this connection, anti-reductionists view reductionists as Philistines. Reductionists simply do not understand the scope, depth and complexity of the phenomena that they are investigating. 

Kagoshima S, Kato R, Fukuyama H, Seo H, Kino H (1999) In Bernier P, Lefrant S, Bidan G (eds) Advances in synthetic metals - twenty years of progress in science and technology. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, p 262... 

MD McGehee, EK Miller, D Moses, and AJ Fleeger, Twenty years of conducting polymers from fundamental science to applications, in Advances in Synthetic Metals Twenty Years of Progress in Science and Technology, P. Bernier, S. Lefrant, and G. Bidan, Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1999, pp. 98-205. 

Progress in science depends on new techniques, new discoveries and new ideas, probably in that order. 

Although Zuckerman (1988) later concludes that science appears to exhibit some of the same structures of discrimination as other occupations, she cautions that available data at the time suggest that the scientific community is marked by an intense commitment to achievement over ascription. She contends that her thorough review of the relevant literature reveals a lack of compelling evidence of discrimination in the American scientific community. Today, few scholars of the social studies of science accept this view. White women have, without a doubt, made substantial progress in science careers over the last two decades. Nonetheless, in many areas, full gender equity still remains elusive (Long, 2001). 

Mai Y.W., Cotlerell B. and Lord R. (1982a). On fiber composites with intermittent interlaminar bonding. In Proc. ICCM-IV, Progress in. science and Engineering of Composites (T. Hayashi el al., eds.), North-Holland Pub, Amsterdam, pp. 271-277. 

We have come to think of progress in science as taking place through sharp changes in fundamental conceptions called scientific revolutions. The change need not be rapid, for the classic case of the scientific revolution encompasses nearly a century and a half between Copernicus and Newton. Unlike the example from astronomy, chemistry before its revolution in the eighteenth century had not found a theoretical structure at all comparable to the Ptolemaic system that had served astronomy so well and... 

Maurer FHJ, Schoffeleers HM, Kosfeld R, Uhlenbroich T (1982) In Hayashi T, Kawata K, Umekawa S (eds) Progress in science and engineering of composites. ICCM-IV, Tokyo, p 803... 

Wells, A. (2008) Paper presented at Green Solvents - Progress in Science and Application, Lake Constance, Friedrichshafen, Germany, 28 September-1 October... 

Curtis, P. T., Morton, J. Progress in Science and Engineering of Composites, ICCM-IV, Tokyo (1982)... 

Reduction is at the heart of progress in science. Analogy is a much more dubious operation. In fact, the temptation to argue by analogy is perhaps the greatest obstacle to scientific progress. The social sciences, in particular, were late starters because they... 

Don t try to bend all problems into a mindless "proportion" approach that you may have mastered in elementary grades. There are many kinds of proportion, not just one. Problem solving based on proportions appeals to intuition, not logic. Its use is a hindrance to intellectual progress in science. 

Progress in science depends both upon careful observations and measurements and upon imaginative interpretations of unexpected findings. Speculative ideas, a number of which are mentioned in this book, provide an important stimulus in science. They should neither be ignored nor accepted as facts. I have tried to write in such a way that established facts will not often be confused with speculation. 

Landman, O. E. 1992 The fitful path of progress in science set back by prematurely, spurred by creativity. The Scientist, March 30, pp. 12. 

In the present book, the viability of the new theoretical approach is illustrated by broad experimental material. Usually, a scientist chooses the level of studies with respect to the task in hand. However, progress in science is due to a combination of all levels of investigation methods in modem research, because each of them simply answers different questions. 

What do these ideas have to do with science The answer is that science as an undertaking is a quite human process that relies on many decisions. For example, progress in science relies on the complete honesty of those who report their experimental results, because (among other reasons) those results are key to the understanding of the natural phenomena under investigation. In addition, because scientific results are generally made public and accessible to all, it is extremely important that scientific results are trustworthy. If results are not reported honestly, then anyone who uses these results in his or her work has had his or her trust violated, and the injured party has wasted time and other resources. When the results impact a field such as medicine, or bear on product safety, an immense number of people could be put in harm s way because of decisions made on the basis of false information. 

Kabanov VA, Zezin AB, Izumrudov VA (1987) In Ovchinnikov Yu A (ed) Progress in Science and Technique. Biotechnology. VINITI, Moscow, 4 159 (in Russian)... 

THE MOLECULAR LAYERING METHOD PROGRESS IN SCIENCE AND PRACTICAL WORKS FOR CREATION OF FUNCTIONAL NANOMATERIALS... 

Scientific research is an important social process. As such, it is based on social contracts as guidelines, and perhaps the most important of these is ethical behavior. Progress in science is based on mutual trust and to achieve this, honesty is a cracial aspect of all scientific activity. 

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