A capacities

Trends in refining costs for a capacity of8 10>> t/an. Excluding fuel consumption. 

Claisen flask or Claisen flask with fractionating side arm, see Figs. II, 13, (i and II, 13, 5, may be used, particularly if the residue is to be ultimately distilled under diminished pressure) should have a capacity of about twice the estimated volume of the residue after the removal of the solvent. The adapter may be omitted, if desired, and the end of the... 

Method 2 (from concentrated sulphuric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid). The apparatus is shown in Fig. II, 48, 1. The upper funnel has a capacity of 100 ml. and the lower one of 500 ml. A capillary... 

Flasks. Round-bottomed, flat-bottomed, conical (Erlenmeyer) and bolt-head flasks up to a capacity of 2-3 litres are generally fitted with a 524 socket f those from 5 to 100 ml. are available with a 514 or 519 (from 25 ml.) socket. Round- and flat-bottomed flasks exceeding 1 litre in capacity are supplied with 534 necks. Whilst all sizes of sockets can be obtained from the manufacturers, it is usually convenient to limit the socket sizes to a small number (say, 514, 519, 524 and 534), thus per mitting interchangeability with the minimum number of adapters. 

Owing to the corrosive action of bromine upon corks j-jg 7, l. and rubber stoppers, ground glass joints are recommended in this preparation. The apparatus, depicted in Fig. Ill, 37, 1, is particularly convenient for the preparation of bromides from alcohols. A double surface condenser is fitted into D and a round-bottomed flask is fitted on to the ground glass joint at C R is a three-way stopcock f which permits the removal of the contents of A without disconnecting the apparatus. For preparations of moderate size, A has a capacity of 60 or 100 ml. and a 250 or 500 ml. flask is attached at C. 

A special apparatus (Fig. Ill, 40,1) renders the preparation of iodides from alcohols a very simple operation. The special features of the apparatus are —(i) a wide bored (3-4 mm.) stopcock A which considerably reduces the danger of crystallisation in the bore of the tap of the iodine from the hot alcoholic solution (ii) a reservoir B for the solid iodine and possessing a capacity sufficiently large to hold all the alkyl iodide produced (iii) a wide tube C which permits the alcohol vapour fix)m the flask D to pass rapidly into the reservoir B, thus ensuring that the iodine is dissolved by alcohol which is almost at the boiling point. An improved apparatus is shown in Fig. Ill, 40, 2, a and b here a... 

The yields, unless otherwise stated, exceed 90 per cent, of the theoretical. The appropriate size of apparatus (generally of 60 ml. or 100 ml. capacity) should be used ths corresponding bolt.head flask should have a capacity of 250 or 500 ml. 

Assemble the simple fractional distillation apparatus shown in Fig. II, 16, 1 the round-bottomed flask should have a capacity of 200 or 250 ml. and the conical flask 100 ml. (Alternatively, a long all-glass... 

Tribromoaniline. Assemble the apparatus depicted in Fig. 7F, 47, 1. The distilling flask B has a capacity of 100 ml. and the bolt-head flask A (which may be replaced by a flat-bottomed flask) is 1 litre. Into the flask place 10 g. of aniline, 100 ml. of water and 10 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid shake until the aniline has dissolved and dilute with 400 ml. of water. 

Assemble the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 V, 67, 1 this is self-explanatory. The distilling flask has a capacity of 250 ml. and the beaker contains 150 ml. of 10 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution. All corks must fit well and should be coated with paraflSn wax (by dipping into molten wax, and allowing to drain). Place half of the yield of the dry phenyldiazonium fluoborate in the distilling flask. Heat the solid gently with a small luminous flame at one point near its surface until decomposition begins withdraw the flame and allow the reaction to continue... 

Set up the apparatus depicted in Fig. IV, 118, 1 in a fume cupboard. The narrow wide-mouthed reaction vessel A has a capacity of about 250 ml. and is equipped with a rubber stopper carrying a mercury-sealed... 

Boron is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Carbonates, metalloboranes, phosphacarboranes, and other families comprise thousands of compounds. 

Three separate factors affect resolution (1) a column selectivity factor that varies with a, (2) a capacity factor that varies with k (taken usually as fej). and (3) an efficiency factor that depends on the theoretical plate number. 

Example Shaking 50 mL of 0.001 Af cesium salt solution with 1.0 g of a strong cation exchanger in the H-form (with a capacity of 3.0 mequiv g ) removes the following amount of cesium. The... 

In the load position the sampling loop is isolated from the mobile phase and is open to the atmosphere. A syringe with a capacity several times that of the sampling loop is used to place the sample in the loop. Any extra sample beyond that needed to fill the sample loop exits through the waste line. After loading the sample, the injector is turned to the inject position. In this position the mobile phase is directed through the sampling loop, and the sample is swept onto the column. 

Salt Effects. The definition of a capacity factor k in hydrophobic interaction chromatography is analogous to the distribution coefficient, in gel permeation chromatography ... 

Truck scales weigh highway vehicles they may be installed in a pit or above-ground with inclined approach ramps. A capacity of 100-t is typical. For monitoring axle weights, the scale deck can be broken into three scales, which are monitored independently the individual axle weights or total vehicle weight can be displayed by the indicator. 

Dimethylacetamide is available in dmms with a capacity of 0.208 m (55 gal), 186 kg net, and in tank cars or tmcks. Although the DOT classifies DMAC as a combustible Hquid, no DOT label is requited. 

Presently, worldwide refined acrolein nameplate capacity is about 113,000 t/yr. Degussa has announced a capacity expansion in the United States by... 

The modified Reppe process was installed by Rohm and Haas at thek Houston plant in 1948 and later expanded to a capacity of about 182 X 10 kg/yr. Rohm and Haas started up a propylene oxidation plant at the Houston site in late 1976. The combination of attractive economics and improved product purity from the propylene route led to a shutdown of the acetylene-based route within a year. 

A new countercurrent continuous centrifugal extractor developed in the former USSR (214) has the feature that mechanical seals are replaced by Hquid seals with the result that operation and maintenance are simplified the mechanical seals are an operating weak point in most centrifugal extractors. The operating units range between 400 and 1200 mm in diameter, and a capacity of 70 m /h has been reported in service. The extractors have been appHed in coke-oven refining (see Coal conversion processes), erythromycin production, lube oil refining, etc. 

The alkalized zinc oxide—chromia process developed by SEHT was tested on a commercial scale between 1982 and 1987 in a renovated high pressure methanol synthesis plant in Italy. This plant produced 15,000 t/yr of methanol containing approximately 30% higher alcohols. A demonstration plant for the lEP copper—cobalt oxide process was built in China with a capacity of 670 t/yr, but other higher alcohol synthesis processes have been tested only at bench or pilot-plant scale (23). 

More recently, Sasol commercialized a new type of fluidized-bed reactor and was also operating a higher pressure commercial fixed-bed reactor (38). In 1989, a commercial scale fixed fluid-bed reactor was commissioned having a capacity similar to existing commercial reactors at Sasol One (39). This effort is aimed at expanded production of higher value chemicals, in particular waxes (qv) and linear olefins. 

Anhydrous calcium chloride absorbs water to a capacity of 3.5 kg/kg of calcium chloride and forms a nonreuseable brine. This technique is best suited for remote appHcations where modest dew point depressions are required and gas processing volumes are small. 

The first large-scale use of hydrazine was as fuel for the rocket-powered German ME-163 fighter plane during World War II. Production in the United States began in 1953 at the Lake Charles, Louisiana plant of the Olin Corp., a facility then having a capacity of 2040 metric tons. In 1992 world capacity was about 44,100 metric tons N2H4. 

The specifications set the maximum vol % of solvent that may be added to the cylinder shell (measured by its water capacity). The volume of solvent also varies with the capacity of the cylinder. Cylinders in the 90—92% porosity range with a capacity above 9.1 kg of water may contain a maximum acetone charge of 43.4%, whereas those with 9.1 kg or less water capacity may contain up to 41.8 vol %. The first category of cylinders are normally referred to as welding cylinders and the latter as small tanks (those with 0.28 and 1.12 m acetylene capacity). 

Electric Discharge Processes. The synthetic mbber plant built by the 1. G. Farbenindustrie during World War 11 at Hbls, contained the first successful commercial instaUation for the electric arc cracking of lower hydrocarbons to acetylene. The plant, with a capacity of 200 t/d, was put into operation in August 1940. 

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