Alkaline-manganese dioxide primary batteries

Similar analyses can be made for specific commercial and industrial applications. For example, the cost of the use of zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide primary batteries versus nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries in a typical portable electronic device applications are compared in Table 6.4. If the usage rate is low and the drain rate moderate, the primary battery is more cost-effective besides offering the convenience of not having to be periodically recharged. 

FIGURE 10.23 Performance characteristics of premium zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide primary batteries AA-size (a) Discharge characteristics at various current drains to specified end voltages, (b) Discharge characteristics at various resistance drains to specified end voltages. 

K. Kordesch, Primary batteries - alkaline manganese dioxide/zinc batteries, in Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry. Vol. 3, J. O M. Bockris, B. E. Conway, E. Yeager and R. E. White, editors. Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 219-232. 

ALKALINE MANGANESE DIOXIDE - ZINC BATTERIES PRIMARY AND RECHARGEABLE CELLS WITH AND WITHOUT MERCURY... 

Alkaline manganese dioxide - zinc batteries. Primary and rechargeable cells with and without mercury by W. Taucher and K. Kordesch... 

Primary alkaline manganese dioxide - zinc batteries (PAM cells)... 

Alkaline-manganese dioxide primary cells and batteries are available in a variety of sizes, in both cylindrical and miniature (button-cell) configurations, as listed in Table 10.9. Some of the unit cell sizes listed are not available as single cells, but are used as components in multiple-cell batteries. Figure 10.21 shows the nominal capacity of various-size batteries as a function of weight and cell volume. 

Chloride Belgium NV, Groenstraat 31, Moitsel 2510 Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium, lead-acid. 

Primary batteries, zinc—alkaline manganese dioxide secondary batteries, nickel—cadmium. 

The design of a AA-size alkaline manganese dioxide cell is shown in Fig. 1 (Sec. 3.1). Primary and secondary alkaline batteries are constructed in the same way and can be manufactured on essentially the same machinery. The separator material, electrode formulation, and the Mn02 Zn balance are different. Rechargeable cells are zinc-limited to prevent a discharge beyond the first electron-equivalent of the MnOz reduction. The electrolyte is 7-9 mol L KOH. The electrode reactions are ... 

G—Zinc Zinc anode, alkaline Manganese dioxide, nickel Primary and Nickel-zinc batteries and... 

Figure 5. Performance of D-size zinc-manganese dioxide primary systems under 2.25 Q continuous test a) standard Leclanche cell (natural ore), b) high-power Leclanche cell (electrolytic MnOa), c) zinc chloride cell, d) alkaline manganese cell [1] (by permission of Arnold C.A. Vincent, B. Scrosati, Modern Batteries. An Introduction to Electrochemical Power Sources, 2nd edition, Edward Arnold, London, 1997).

Recent emphasis on the performance of the primary alkaline manganese dioxide battery has been directed toward improving its high-rate performance to meet the requirements of the new digital cameras and other portable electronics. The new high-rate (Ultra or Premium) battery was first sold in 2000 and already commands about 25% of the market. 

ANSI C18.1M, Part 1 Standard for Portable Primary CeUs and Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte Zinc-carbon Alkaline-manganese dioxide Silver oxide Zinc/air... 

During this period, the zinc/alkaline manganese dioxide batery began to replace the zinc-carbon or Leclanche battery as the leading primary battery, capturing the major share of the US market. Environmental concerns led to the elimination of mercury in most batteries without any impairment of performance, but also led to the phasing out of those batteries. 

Increases in the energy density of primary hatteries has tapered off during the past decade as the existing battery systems have matured and the development of new higher energy batteries is limited by the lack of new and/or untried battery materials and chemistries. Nevertheless, advances have been made in other important performance characteristics, such as power density, shelf life and safety. Examples of these recent developments are the high power zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide batteries for portable consumer electronics, the improvement of the zinc/air battery and the introduction of new lithium batteries. 

Several of the typical primary battery systems, such as the zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide system, have been designed in a rechargeable configuration. These batteries are covered in Chap. 36. 

Zinc/Manganese Dioxide Batteries. Several of the conventional primary battery systems have been manufactured as rechargeable batteries, but the only one currently being manufactured is the cylindrical cell using the zinc/alkaline-manganese dioxide chemistry. Its major advantage is a higher capacity than the conventional secondary batteries and a lower initial cost, but its cycle life and rate capability are limited. 

The shelf life of fresh, unused (charged) rechargeable alkaline-manganese dioxide batteries is about the same as that of the primary batteries (20 to 25% loss after 3 to 4 years when stored at room temperature). The data for capacity losses after high-temperature storage are shown in Fig. 36.14. 

The discharge characteristics of the rechargeable alkaline manganese dioxide battery are similar to those exhibited by primary batteries the battery voltage... 

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