Buttons types

For dealing with smaller volumes of solution, micropipettes, often referred to as syringe pipettes, are employed. These can be of a push-button type, in which the syringe is operated by pressing a button on the top of the pipette the plunger travels between two fixed stops and so a remarkably constant volume of liquid is delivered. Such pipettes are fitted with disposable plastic tips (usually of polythene or polypropylene) which are not wetted by aqueous solutions, thus helping to ensure constancy of the volume of liquid delivered. The liquid is contained entirely within the plastic tip and so, by replacing the tip, the same pipette can be employed for different solutions. Such pipettes are available to deliver volumes of 1 to 1000 pL, and the delivery is reproducible to within about 1 per cent. 

The first use of lithium alloys as negative electrodes in commercial batteries to operate at ambient temperatures was the employment of Wood s metal alloys in lithium-conducting button-type cells by Matsushita in Japan. Development work on the use of these alloys started in 1983 [10], and they became commercially available somewhat later. 

Fig 1-33 BUTTON-TYPE ELECTRIC DETONATOR T62 Fig 1-34 TYPICAL STAB FUZE PRIMER... 

PATech Paper DB-TP 1-57. R. Goldstein, Mass Production Techniques for Button-Type Electric Detonators T21E1 and T25E1 (Dec 1957)... 

The battery is constructed in the button-type configuration and typical discharge characteristics are shown in Fig. 9.16. The rated capacity of this particular cell was 36 mAh and its reported energy density values were 44 Wh/kg and 150 Wh/dm3. 

Primary alkaline cells use sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as tlie electrolyte. They can be made using a variety of chemistries and physical constructions. The alkaline cells of the 1990s are mostly of the limited electrolyte, dry cell type. Most primary alkaline cells are made sing zinc as the anode material a variety of cathode materials can be used. Primary alkaline cells are commonly divided into tW o classes, based on type of construction the larger, cylindrically shaped batteries, and the miniature, button-type cells. Cylindrical alkaline batteries are mainly produced using zinc-manganese dioxide chemistry, although some cylindrical zinc-mercury oxide cells are made. 

This was one of the first button -type cells which were widely used in cameras and hearing aids. Most countries have outlawed the sales in order to reduce mercury contamination of the environment. 

Fig. 6. Galvanostatic discharge curves of button-type cells Li/1 M L1CIO4 + EC PC DME/LT—CFV, HT—CF, at 40 mAg 1. LT—CFV fluorine-graphite intercalation compound prepared at a low temperature, HT—CFV graphite fluoride prepared at a high temperature (reproduced with permission from J. Power Sources, 68 (1994) 708 [34]).

With regard to cylindrical manganese and alkaline dry cells, which account for some 98% (on a weight basis) of all primary cells sold in Japan, no mercury has been used in the production since 1992. Furthermore, as the production of mercury cells was stopped at the end of 1995, the amount of mercury contained in the dry cells sold in Japan was equal to 1.4 tons in 1997, i.e. only 3% with respect to the 1985 s total (45 tons). In addition, as button type cells (alkaline, silver oxide and zinc-air cells) still contain a small amount of mercury, BAJ will continue to reduce it and promote the collection and recycling of spent dry cells. 

The most common cells are cylindrical (0.05 to 35 Ah) or button-type (0.02 to 0.5 Ah). However, sealed Ni-Cd batteries of 200-400 Ah have been built for EV applications. 

The best-known example of a metal-air battery is the miniature button-type zinc-air battery widely used in hearing aids and other electronic devices of small size. Metallic zinc is the negative electrode in these batteries (usually in the form of highly disperse powder). When current is drawn, the zinc dissolves anodically in a concentrated alkaline solution according to the equation ... 

Operation Control board button type operation, tenperature auto control, air door micro motor drive, the temperature in the car can be controlled automatically, the fanning position mode, heatrng/cooling mode, air intem/extemal cycling mode and -wind speed and tenperature can be selected and adjusted... 

Okamoto, J. Kawaguchi, K. Button-type air-zinc batteries capable of being assembled with accuracy. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2005235485, 2005 Chem. Abstr. 2005,143, 232756. 

The oxide AgO forms the cathode of AgO/Zn button type batteries with a cell voltage of 1.55 V and with energy densities in the range of 80-250Wh/dm [1.218, 240-242]. 

Figure 2-5. Typical Load-Displacement Curve for Button-Type Test (Broutman, 1970) ...

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