Yields productivity

The theory of sublimation, t.e. the direct conversion from the vapour to the sohd state without the intermediate formation of the liquid state, has been discussed in Section 1,19. The number of compounds which can be purified by sublimation under normal pressure is comparatively small (these include naphthalene, anthracene, benzoic acid, hexachloroethane, camphor, and the quinones). The process does, in general, yield products of high purity, but considerable loss of product may occur. 

The reaction of 2-amino-4(2-furyl)thiazole in acetic acid with bromine yields product 198 brominated on the furan ring (Scheme 126). The... 

Dimeriza ion catalyzed by acids has been reported to yield product 178 (Scheme 93) (104, 397). One point, however, has not yet been clearly... 

Bromine addition to alkenes is an example of a stereospecific reaction A stereospecific reaction is one m which stereoisomeric starting materials yield products... 

Reactions of allylic systems that yield products m which double bond migration has occurred are said to have proceeded with allylic rearrangement, or by way of an allylic shift... 

Because acylation of an aromatic ring can be accomplished without rearrangement it is frequently used as the first step m a procedure for the alkylation of aromatic compounds by acylation-reduction As we saw m Section 12 6 Friedel-Crafts alkylation of ben zene with primary alkyl halides normally yields products having rearranged alkyl groups as substituents When a compound of the type ArCH2R is desired a two step sequence IS used m which the first step is a Friedel-Crafts acylation... 

There are physical—chemical differences between fats of the same fatty acid composition, depending on the placement of the fatty acids. For example, cocoa butter and mutton tallow share the same fatty acid composition, but fatty acid placement on the glycerin backbone yields products of very different physical properties. 

OOF and not two OF radicals. The OOF radical [15499-23-7] is a feasible iatermediate as it has been shown to exist atlow temperatures (56,59—61). If O2F2 is allowed to react quickly with other compounds, simple fluotination usually results. The controlled reactions of O2F2, however, yield products that appear to be formed via an OOF iatermediate. 

The reaction of a hydroperoxide with 2-methylaziridine [75-55-8] has been described (94). The reaction of ethyleneknine with phenols (95) and carboxyHc acids (96,97) produces ethylamine ethers and esters, respectively. However, these reactions frequentiy yield product mixtures which contain polyaminoalkylated oxygen nucleophiles and polymers, in addition to the desked products (1). The selectivity of the reaction can often be improved by using less than the stoichiometric amount of the aziridine component (98,99). 

Cychc diacyl peroxides decompose thermally and photolyticaHy to yield products derived from diradical intermediates (188,198,205) (eq. 31). 

Ahyl alcohol undergoes reactions typical of saturated, aUphatic alcohols. Ahyl compounds derived from ahyl alcohol and used industriahy, are widely manufactured by these reactions. For example, reactions of ahyl alcohol with acid anhydrides, esters, and acid chlorides yield ahyl esters, such as diahyl phthalates and ahyl methacrylate reaction with chloroformate yields carbonates, such as diethylene glycol bis(ahyl carbonate) addition of ahyl alcohol to epoxy groups yields products used to produce ahyl glycidyl ether (33,34). 

Trimethyl aluminum and propylene oxide form a mixture of 2-methyl-1-propanol and 2-butanol (105). Triethyl aluminum yields products of 2-methyl-1-butanol and 2-pentanol (106). The ratio of products is determined by the ratio of reactants. Hydrolysis of the products of methyl aluminum dichloride and propylene oxide results ia 2-methylpropeae and 2-butene, with elimination of methane (105). Numerous other nucleophilic (107) and electrophilic (108) reactions of propylene oxide have been described ia the Hterature. 

The sol—gel process can be utilized to yield products within a wide range of appHcations. Some of these appHcations include production of nanocomposites, films, fibers, porous and dense monoliths, and biomaterials. 

Lactose, and the lactose ia substances such as milk and whey, has been hydroly2ed commercially by enzymes to yield products that can be tolerated physiologically much more easily by people who have a lactose iatolerance (40—42). 

Ma.nufa.cture. Sulfur monochloride is made commercially by direct chlorination of sulfur, usually in a heel of sulfur chloride from a previous batch. The chlorination appears to proceed stepwise through higher sulfur chlorides (S Cl2, where x > 2). If conducted too quickly, the chlorination may yield products containing SCI2 and S Cl2 as well as S2CI2. A catalyst, eg, iron, iodine, or a trace of ferric chloride, faciUtates the reaction. The manufacture in the absence of Fe and Fe salts at 32—100°C has also been reported (149—151). 

The addition polymerization of diisocyanates with macroglycols to produce urethane polymers was pioneered in 1937 (1). The rapid formation of high molecular weight urethane polymers from Hquid monomers, which occurs even at ambient temperature, is a unique feature of the polyaddition process, yielding products that range from cross-linked networks to linear fibers and elastomers. The enormous versatility of the polyaddition process allowed the manufacture of a myriad of products for a wide variety of appHcations. 

Semisynthetic Derivatives. No significant improvements in activity have resulted from modifications of the 3-, 9-, 2and/01 4"-hydioxyl groups (314). 3 -0-Acyl derivatives have not been found via fermentation, but chemical acylation of the 3 -hydroxyl group yields products having good antibiotic activity and better pharmacokinetics than the patent macroHdes. Two such compounds have been developed (315,316) ... 

Properties. HydroxyethjIceUulose [9004-62-0] (HEC), is a nonionic polymer. Low hydroxyethyl substitutions (MS = 0.05-0.5) yield products that are soluble only in aqueous alkali. Higher substitutions (MS > 1.5) produce water-soluble HEC. The bulk of commercial HEC falls into the latter category. Water-soluble HEC is widely used because of its broad compatibiUty with cations and the lack of a solution gel or precipitation point in water up to the boiling point. The MS of commercial HEC varies from about 1.8 to 3.5. The products are soluble in hot and cold water but insoluble in hydrocarbon solvents. HEC swells or becomes pardy to mosdy soluble in select polar solvents, usually those that are miscible with water. 

The largest class of processes appHed to farm commodities are separations, which are usually based on some physical property such as density, particle size, or solubiHty. For example, the milling process for cereal grains involves size reduction (qv) foUowed by screening to yield products that have varied concentrations of starch, fiber, and protein. Milling of water slurries is practiced to obtain finer separation of starch, fiber, protein, and oil. 

Alkylation of aluminum with ethyleae yields products that fiad appHcatioa as iaitiators and starter compounds ia the productioa of a-olefias and linear primary alcohols, as polymerization catalysts, and ia the syathesis of some monomers like 1,4-hexadieae. Triethyl aluminum [97-93-8] A1(C2H3)2, is the most important of the ethylene-derived aluminum alkyls. 

Benzo[Z)]thiophene reacts with dimethyl l,2,4,5-tetrazine-3,6-dicarboxylate in a cyclo-addition-fragmentation reaction to yield (143), whereas benzo[A]furan and N- methylindole yield products (144) arising from ring opening and recyclization (76AP679). 

Three preparations of 1-azetine iV-oxides have been reported. Oxidation of the 2-aryl-l-azetine (222) with MCPBA gives the nitrone (223) (79CB3914>. However, similar treatment of 2-alkoxy-l-azetines fails to give the corresponding iV-oxides but yields products derived from oxaziridines (cf. Section 5.09.4.2.3). 

Since the El complex does not yield product P, and I competes with S for E, there is a state of competitive inhibition. By analogy to the Michaelis-Menten equation ... 

Currently, a-amino acids are prepared by several routes such as by the fermentation of glucose, by enzyme action on several substances and by the hydrolysis of proteins. Many methods for synthesising the polymers are known, of which the polymerisation of A -carboxyanhydrides is of particular interest, as it yield-products of high molecular weight (Figure 18.24). 

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