Product yields with temperature utility

A new method for the preparation of soy sauce has been developed. The new scaled-up method divides the moromi process into two processes autolysis and fermentation. Because of the utilization of high temperatures, the new process permits the production of a NaCl free autolyzate from koji. Division of the fermentation process into two separated processes permit better control of lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation processed which used to require great skill. The new scale-up procedure for soy sauce production yields a product in half the time required by the traditional (conventional) method and still produces a soy sauce with high levels of the desirable Bavor component, glutamic acid. Utilization of this protocol by the soy sauce producing industry should have significant economic impact to bo producers and consumers. 

Excess pyridine was distilled from the flask, and the resulting product was dried under high vacuum at room temperature to a constant weight. The amount of pyridine utilized in the reaction could then be determined by weight difference before and after reaction. Complete analytical results for the crude products obtained with the chlorides and oromides are given in Table II. Because the tantalum(V) and niobium(V) iodides both yielded free iodine in the reaction with pyridine, their products were washed with chloroform, as described later, before analysis. 

Sulfur chloride pentafluoride has utility in the preparation of numerous inorganic and organic derivatives. A procedure for its synthesis has appeared previously in this series. This method involved the in situ generation of CIF by a hot flow tube reaction followed by a second hot flow tube reaction of the CIF and SF4 to furnish SCIF,. These reactions are time consuming to set up and sometimes difflcult to master. A far simpler synthesis is the reaction of SF4 and CIF at ambient temperature in the presence of CsF. The reaction proceeds rapidly and in high yield with a minimum of by-product formation, thus allowing easy separation of the products. 

Pro-azaphosphatrane lb catalyzes the transesterification of carboxylic acid esters with high selectivity and in excellent yields at 25 °C. The success with simple esters prompted us to turn our attention to amino acid esters, since esters are very useful protecting groups in peptide synthesis. When Boc-Val-Phe-OMe was the substrate and allyl alcohol was chosen as the solvent, the use of lb gave a 55 45 mixture of epimers at the phenylalanine residue. By using the more bulky Id as a catalyst, however, the product was isolated in 96% yield with very high diastereomeric purity (98 2). In all cases,yields and selectivities are comparable to those realized with DBU/LiBr in the presence of similar substrates. Catalysts lb and Id are more efficient, however, because only 10-15 mol % is needed whereas the DBU/LiBr system utilizes 50 mol % of DBU and 500 mol % of LiBr [139]. Moreover, our reactions are carried out at room temperature, while other catalysts frequently require refluxing solvent temperatures. 

Pretreatment of coals with solvents prior to liquefaction often leads to increased yields of desirable products, lower conversion temperatures, or both. Studies utilizing both very polar and nonpolar solvents illustrate the complexity of the effects in that both swelling and non-swelling solvents can improve liquefaction depending on the process and coal used and the extent of molecular aggregation (Joseph, 1991 Larsen and Hall, 1991 McArthur et al., 1993a). 

At almost the same time, Hatakeyama et al. investigated the (3-ICD catalyzed aza-MBH reaction of various aryl diphenylphosphinoyl imines 146 and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate (HFIPA), affording the (S)-product 147, in up to 97% yields with high ees, in DMF at low temperature (Scheme 2.70). Notably, the absolute stereochemistry of the aza-MBH adducts is opposite to that of adducts obtained from the analogous MBH reaction. With (3-ICD as catalyst, imines give rise to (5)-enriched adducts, in contrast to aldehydes, which afford (i )-products. A plausible mechanism was proposed. Moreover, the utility... 

A Finkelstein substitution with practical utility was reported some years ago (Fig. 34).130 An co-bromo fatty acid undergoes halogen exchange with radioactive Na 23i to provide the labelled iodo acid, used as a tracer for the medical exploration of cardiac metabolism. The sonochemical reaction conducted in butanone provides quantitative yields of the expensive and thermally labile product, and the presence of water in the solvent, up to 7%, is tolerated. In comparison, the usual method requires heating at ca. 180 C and anhydrous conditions, and the purity of the product is much less satisfactory. It can be noticed that the unusually high temperature of the sonochemical reaction, close to the solvent boiling point, makes an interpretation hazardous. A second case of a Finkelstein substitution, a mesylate-iodine exchange, was published recently without experimental detail. i... 

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