Yield from oats

Plant and Animal Nutrient. Copper is one of seven micronutrients that has been identified as essential to the proper growth of plants (87). Cereal crops are by far the most affected by copper deficiency (see Wheat and other cereal grains). Greenhouse studies have shown yield increases from 38% to over 500% for wheat, barley, and oats (88) using copper supplementation. A tenfold increase in the yield of oats was reported in France (89). Symptoms of copper deficiency vary depending on species, but often it is accompanied by withering or chlorosis in the leaves that is not ammenable to iron supplementation. In high concentrations, particularly in low pH sods, copper can be toxic to plants. 

Thermoplastic xylan derivatives have been prepared by in-hne modification with propylene oxide of the xylan present in the alkaline extract of barley husks [424,425]. Following peracetylation of the hydroxypropylated xylan in formamide solution yielded the water-insoluble acetoxypropyl xylan. The thermal properties of the derivative quahfy this material as a potential biodegradable and thermoplastic additive to melt-processed plastics. Xylan from oat spelts was oxidized to 2,3-dicarboxyhc derivatives in a two-step procedure using HI04/NaC102 as oxidants [426]. 

TABLE 4 Fluorescence Lifetimes, Relative Amplitudes and Normalized Fluorescence Quantum Yields of 124-kDa Pr Phytochrome from Oat in H2O- and D2O-Based Buffer Solutions [86 ... 

The crude lime neutralized syrup resulting from oat and peanut hulls hydrolysis with sulphuric acid for 2 hours at 15 lbs. steam pressure was fermented by Bacillus acetoethylicum by Fred, Peterson, and Anderson. They report that better yields are obtained from oat hulls than from peanut hulls. They say, Because of the larger percentage of reducing sugars obtained from oat hulls, the yield of products per hundred pounds of dry material is greater than from peanut hulls. On the basis of 100 lbs. of oat hulls, about 3.9 lbs. of acetone, 7.2 lbs. of ethyl alcohol, and 1.4 lbs. of volatile acid were obtained. ... 

Correlations between crop yield and price were calculated using actual crop yields and their respective crop prices (Table 4). Correlations between crops were also calculated using the actual recorded crop yields from the VICMS II data correlating the com yield to other crops in the sequence (i.e., soybeans in the 2-year sequence and soybeans, oats, and alfalfa in the 4-year sequence Table 5). 

The alkali-extracted gum from oats contained a /3-D-glucan as the major component. Some endogenous D-glucanases survived the alkaline treatment so deactivation of these enzymes increased the yield of the j3-D-glucan with a corre-... 

The two intermediates of commercial furan resins are furfural and furfuryl alcohol. Furfural occurs in the free state in many plants but is obtained commercially by degradation of hemicellulose constituents present in these plants. There are a number of cheap sources of furfural, and theoretical yields of over 20% (on a dry basis) may be obtained from both com cobs and oat husks. In practice yields of slightly more than half these theoretical figures may be obtained. In the USA furfural is produced in large quantities by digestion of com cobs with steam and sulphuric acid. The furfural is removed by steam distillation. 

A ready reckoner for the amount of N, P and K removed by certain representative crops is shown in Table 5.2. The requirement for P and K may be expressed in terms of the element rather than the oxide (P205 or K20). P205 contains 0.43 units of P K20 contains 0.83 units of K. The depletion of N, P and K from the grain of wheat, barley and oats is pro rata for yield, but the nutrient composition of the straw is different, oat straw containing very much more potassium than wheat or barley straw. Potatoes and kale are very much more exhaustive of N and K than the cereal crops. 

A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) study of 165 sludges showed nickel concentrations ranging from 2 to 3520mg/kg (dry basis).18 Nickel toxicity may develop in plants from application of municipal wastewater biosolids on acid soils. Nickel reduces yields for a variety of crops including oats, mustard, turnips, and cabbage. 

According to the submitters, Eastman s practical grade of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol must be purified by distillation the fraction boiling at 79-80°/20 mm. was used. The checkers used, without purification, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol obtained from the Quaker Oats Company. The yields were equally good. 

In Bettolo and co-workers approach to (+)-methyl trachyloban-18-oate (16), enone 13 was subjected to a photocycloaddition with 1,2-propadiene (1) to afford the [2 + 2]-cycloadduct 14 as a single product in 67% yield (Scheme 19.3) [5]. The addition proceeded exclusively from the /3-face. The resulting exocyclic olefin was eventually converted to a ketone using osmium tetroxide and NaI04 and taken on to 15, constituting a formal total synthesis of 16. 

Reagent grade tetrahydrofuran (Mallinckrodt) has been used directly. The formation of the Grignard reagent starts readily and no precipitates are formed. Tetrahydrofuran obtained from the Quaker Oats Company in 1-gal. cans has also been used the reaction, however, is slower to start, a cloudy l)recipitate is formed, and the yield is slightly lower. 

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