Yield from barley

As an alternative to traditional solvent extraction methods, the extraction by supercritical (SC) fluids has been used in tocol analysis. This is an environmentally friendly technique as little or no solvents are used. Extraction parameters, e.g. temperature and fluid density, are easily optimized and managed, and as the extraction is fast it is thus suitable for routine work with many samples. SC carbon dioxide has been used to extract tocols from barley (Fratianni et al, 2002), dried bay leaves (Gomez-Coronado et al, 2004), and garden cress seeds (Diwakar et al, 2010). Extractions were carried out in single or multiple steps and with different fluid densities controlled by extraction pressures. Tocol yields from barley were 5% and 14% less than by Soxhlet and chloroform-methanol extractions (Fratianni et al, 2002), yields from garden cress seeds were 26% less than by Soxhlet extraction (Diwakar et al, 2010), and a- and y-tocopherol yields from dried bay leaves were 22% and 40% less than by acetone extraction (Gomez-Coronado et al, 2004). Despite lower recoveries of tocols, the SC carbon dioxide extraction methods were considered comparable to the classical extraction methods (Fratianni et al, 2002). 

Schiff s base (Illb), which is then degraded by a reverse Michael reaction to the protonated 3-methyleneindolenine (IIIc). Addition of ammonia then yields 3-aminomethylindole, which on methylation affords gramine (III). This attractive hypothesis finds support in the recent isolation from barley seedlings of both 3-aminomethylindole and 3-methyl-aminomethylindole (57b). It is also supported by the demonstration that 3-aminomethylindole can be methylated to 3-methylaminomethylindole... 

Cleavage of the Innermost EO unit from the tOPh-molety (see Figure 1) could yield oligomeric C-polyethylene glycols ( 6). Solvent partitioning and RP TLC procedures were developed to show that neither the water-soluble metabolites from barley nor their acid hydrolysis products contained more than trace quantities of these materials (12). 

Limit Dextrins from Barley Starch. In one experiment, barley starch paste was treated with malt extract, in a second experiment with purified malt amylase (Table XVII). The purified enzyme has yielded limit dextrins with chain lengths greater than those given by the malt extract, possibly because certain carbohydrases capable of attacking the limit dextrins have been removed in the purification or because of a lower stability of the purified enzyme. 

This enzyme, which yields jff-maltose as the initial product, has been crystallized from barley, wheat, sweet-potato, and soya-bean extracts. The properties of these enzymes are generally similar (for example, sulf-hydryl groups are essential for activity), but are not identical (for example, the pH optimum varies between 4 and 6). The action patterns of the various -amylases appear to be identical. 

In a study of the displacement of anions from soil by soluble silicate, Toth (131) showed that phosphate ion was released from the absorbed state only in slightly alkaline media, so thai t displacement s by hydroxyl or silicate ions rather than silicic acid. At about pH 7 soluble silica is essentially nonionized and has little tendency to displace phosphate ion. Definite increases in yield of barley and Sudan grass were noted when calcium or magnesium silicate was added to soil, these materials being apparently sufficiently alkaline to furnish some silicate ions. There was marked absorption of silica by rape, barley, and Sudan grass when grown in silicated soils. 

The production of beer and whiskey from barley malt yields such by-products as brewers grains, brewers yeast, distillers grains, and distillers solubles, all of which are good sources of the B vitamins and various other nutrients. 

Hordeam (Bailey).—Smith has isolated from barley shoots a particulate fraction which contains an amine-oxidase. This enzyme converts spermine (48) into 1,3-diaminopropane and l-(3-aminopropyl)-A -pyrroline (S3). The spermine is presumably dehydrogenated, affording the Schiff base (SOX which on hydrolysis yields 13-diaminopropane and the amino-aldehyde (SI). Cyclization of this compound yields the methanolamine (S2) and thence the pyrrolinc by dehydration (Scheme 11). Spermidine (49) yields A -pyrroline (S4) and 1,3-diaminopropane by a similar series of reactions. This amine-oxidase was also found in oats Avena sativa), maizefZen mays), wheat (Triticum vulgare), and rye (Secale cereale). 

Plant and Animal Nutrient. Copper is one of seven micronutrients that has been identified as essential to the proper growth of plants (87). Cereal crops are by far the most affected by copper deficiency (see Wheat and other cereal grains). Greenhouse studies have shown yield increases from 38% to over 500% for wheat, barley, and oats (88) using copper supplementation. A tenfold increase in the yield of oats was reported in France (89). Symptoms of copper deficiency vary depending on species, but often it is accompanied by withering or chlorosis in the leaves that is not ammenable to iron supplementation. In high concentrations, particularly in low pH sods, copper can be toxic to plants. 

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