X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy applications

See also Biochemical Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy Fluorescence Microscopy, Applications Fluorescent Molecular Probes Fluorescence Polarization and Anisotropy Inorganic Condensed Matter, Applications of Luminescence Spectroscopy UV-Visible Absorption and Fluorescence Spectrometers X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometers X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Applications. 

See also Light Sources and Optics X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometers X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Applications. 

See also Atomic Absorption, Methods and instrumentation Atomic Absorption, Theory Atomic Emission, Methods and instrumentation Fiuorescence and Emission Spectroscopy, Theory Food and Dairy Products, Appiications of Atomic Spectroscopy Forensic Science, Appiications of Atomic Spectroscopy inductiveiy Coupied Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Methods Pharmaceutical Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometers X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Applications. 

Chong et al. [742] have described a multielement analysis of multicomponent metallic electrode deposits, based on scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence detection, followed by dissolution and ICP-MS detection. Application of the method is described for determination of trace elements in seawater, including the above elements. These elements are simultaneously electrodeposited onto a niobium-wire working electrode at -1.40 V relative to an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and subjected to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. Internal standardisation... 

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was the first non-destructive technique for analysing surfaces and produced some remarkable results. The Water Research Association, UK, has been investigating the application of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to solid samples. Some advantages of nondestructive methods are no risk of loss of elements during sample handling operations, the absence of contamination from reagents, etc. and the avoidance of capital outlay on expensive instruments and highly trained staff. 

Elemental qualitative analysis is a popular application of x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The values of the wavelengths reaching the detector are indicative of what elements are present in the sample. This is so because the inner-shell transitions giving rise to the wavelengths are specific to the element. Qualitative analysis... 

Kaplan, D.I. et al., Application of synchrotron x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis to identify contaminant metals on groundwater colloids, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 1186, 1994. 

The second method (ASTM D-4294, IP 477) uses energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, has slightly better repeatability and reproducibility than the high-temperature method, and is adaptable to field applications but can be affected by some commonly present interferences such as halides. In this method, the sample is placed in a beam emitted from an X-ray source. The resultant excited characteristic X radiation is measured, and the accumulated count is compared with counts from previously prepared calibration standard to obtain the sulfur concentration. Two groups of calibration standards are required to span the concentration range, one standard ranges from 0.015% to 0.1% w/w sulfur and the other from 0.1% to 5.0% w/w sulfur. 

A similar preconcentration process was developed by Lochmuller, Galbraith and Walter (41) for the analysis of water for trace metals. The membrane after equilibration with the water sample is in this case analyzed by proton induced X-ray emission. Claimed advantages of the latter technique are a wider range of applicability than neutron activation, easier applicability to rapid routine analysis than anodic stripping and greater sensitivity than conventional X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. 

Pfalzer P, Urbach JP, Klemm M, Horn S, denBoer ML, Frenkel AI, Kirkland JP (1999) Ehmination of selfabsorption in fluorescence hard-X-ray absorption spectra. Phys Re B60 9335-9339 Powers L (1982) X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Application to biological molecules. Biochim Biophys Acta 638 1-38... 

The scope and limitations, illustrated by some applications, of atomic and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, ion selective electrodes, and other less common methods for impurity analysis will be discussed. The techniques of infrared, Raman, X-ray photoelectron, and sputter induced photon spectroscopy, used for identification of silicate species will be briefly reviewed. 

Pattern recognition is a powerful tool in the identification of archaeological artefacts. A typical example of a pattern recognition application in chemistry is the classification of obsidian artefacts by Kowalski et. al. C1623. A total of 45 obsidian samples from different sources in northern California and 27 archaeological obsidian artefacts of unknown origin were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. 

Benony G, Pouyat D, Roche C, Cerdan F, Florestan J (1994) X-rays fluorescence spectroscopy with energy dispersion and Bragg reflector application to actinide solution analysis. In CEA-N-2756, meetings of gamma and X 93 spectrometry, Saint-Remy-les-Chevreuse, France, 12-14 Oct 1993, Proceedings, pp 103-107(422 pp)... 

Of the solid state analysis methods, namely, neutron activation analysis (NAA), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and arc/spark emission spectroscopy, only NAA has found wide application for manganese analysis of biological samples. Although Birks et al. [102] claim high sensitivity for XRF analysis of manganese in freeze-dried samples, there are problems of standardization of the technique at low manganese concentrations, while solid emission spectroscopy suffers markedly from electrode contamination. On the other hand, NAA has both a high specificity and sensitivity... 

Direct fluorescence, phosphorescence and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for polymer/additive analysis have been reported [513]. In commercial polymers, additives having electronic absorption bands in the visible and near-UV wavelength regions may fluoresce and give rise to composite spectra. Some general applications of fluorescence spectroscopic analysis for polymeric materials relate to ... 

Figure 6.27 The application of XAS in metallomics and metalloproteomics and its combination with other techniques. XRF, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy PX, protein crystallography CC, computational chemistry NS, neutron scattering NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance CD, circular dichroism spectroscopy ESR, electron spin resonance SEC, size exclusion chromatography GE, gel electrophoresis.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) applications require detectors with ultra-high energy resolution. The primary detectors fulfilling this requirement that are currently available are semiconductor radiation detectors. These devices are often referred to as solid state detectors because their origin lies in the development of materials for transistor technology. They are the detectors of choice for virtually all work in nuclear spectroscopy. 

Emission, Methods and Instrumentation Atomic Fluorescence, Methods and Instrumentation Fluorescence and Emission Spectroscopy, Theory Geology and Mineralogy, Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Methods Proton Microprobe (Method and Background) X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy, Applications X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy, Methods X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometers X-Ray Spectroscopy, Theory. 

---