Text materials

Insofar as recording conditions are concerned, it is highly desirable that these be of as high a quality as possible because background noise, reverberations and other effects will all be heard in the synthesised speech. In addition, it is essential to ensure that consistency in recordings is maintained. The speaker should speak in the same tone of voice throughout, with a constant distance kept between the microphone and the speaker s mouth. That said, it is important not to put too much pressure on the speaker to speak in one way or another the best results are obtained when the speaker is relaxed and speaking in their natural voice. 

It is not always necessary to use material that has actually been spoken in TTS for many of the text modules text data alone will suffice. This is highly beneficial since it is much quicker and cheaper to collect text data than speech data. Many public text corpora are available, but today by far the best source of text material is on the internet. Many billions of words of data exist there, and, so long as copyright restrictions are adhered to, this can provide a plentiful supply of high-quality data. 

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The text material assumes that the reader is a graduate or equivalent chemical or related engineer, having a... 

Class meetings are three times weekly, two hours of lecture and one hour for group discussion. Text material includes a basic reference. World Resources 1990-91 (World Resources Institute, Oxford University Press, 1990), and supplemental references provided from time to time, including available GCI modular materials, articles from recent periodicals, and news items from the daily press. 

General information on the botany and husbandry of cacao is documented in several references.5 7 For the purposes of this text, material on these topics has been limited to a brief overview. 

Each handbook contains an abstract, a foreword, an overview, learning objectives, and text material, and is divided into modules so that content and order may be modified by individual DOE contractors to suit their specific training needs. Each subject area is supported by a separate examination bank with an answer key. 

Before working homework problems, study pertinent class notes and text material until you think you fully understand the facts and principles involved. Try to work the problems without reference to text, class notes, or friendly assistance. If you can t, then work them with the help of your text or notes, or work with someone else in the class, or ask an upperclassman or the instructor. However, then be aware that you have worked the problems with a crutch, and that it s quite possible you still don t understand them. Try the same or similar problems again a few days later to see whether you can do them without any help, as you must do on an exam. Discussion of problems helps to fix principles in mind and to broaden understanding but, by itself, it doesn t guarantee the understanding you need to work them. 

Figure 2. Thermal conductivity of several common semiconductor materials plotted against the best estimates for the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for the crystal. As explained in the text, materials with low thermal conductivity and low CRSS are hardest to grow.

The principal equations in Part B of this chapter and key references to the text are cited here as a practical aid in the treatment of experimental data. This sununary is not intended to be a substitute for thoughtful judgment. Use the equations with care if there is any doubt concerning the applicability of an equation, review the associated text material. 

The problems at the end of each chapter are intended to illustrate and expand the text material. A student who understands the material in the chapter should not find these problems time consuming. The problems have been formulated to require numerical rather than essay-type answers, as far as possible, since hand-waving does not constitute good engineering or science. Tlie instructor may find an incidental advantage in that answers to such problems can be graded relatively rapidly with the aid of the Solutions Manual. 

The chemical process constitutes the structural and motivational framework for the presentation of all of the text material. When we bring in concepts from physical chemistry—for example, vapor pressure, solubility, and heat capacity—we introduce them as quantities whose values are required to determine process variables or to perform material and energy balance calculations on a process. When we discuss computational techniques such as curve-fitting, rootfinding methods, and numerical integration, we present them on the same need-to-know basis in the context of process analysis. 

Data and pictures. Archives of text material, photographs and video clips can be accessed and easily downloaded. However, downloading graphical images may take quite a while, especially for remote links or at busy times, leading to high costs. 

Referring to the text material and the additional references on commercial reactors given at the end of this chapter, All in the following table ... 

Impeller diameter on the figures in this chapter, m Note This parameter is identified as D in the text material.) Column inside diameter on the figures in this chapter, m Note This parameter is identified as T in the text material.) Diameter of the stage divider opening, m Diameter of the agitator shaft, m... 

Forward velocity through the stage divider opening on the Figures, m/s Note This parameter is identified as Vf in the text material. 

This collection contains full text Material Safety Data Sheets, Summary Sheets, and Label Data for more than 59000 substances, including pure substances and mixtures, 92-96% of which are the most heavily used chemicals in industry. The database originated with Occupational Health Services, Inc. (OHS). The records include occupational, environmental, and regulatory data, as well as names, CAS Registry Numbers, and regulatory list numbers. The OHS online system provides a full file, a summary information file, and a file composed of records to chemicals used in the manufacture of pesticide and other agricultural chemical products (OHS, STN available on CD from OHS). 

G.S. Littlejohn, Text material for Grouting Course sponsored by South African Institution of Civil Engineers at the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (July 4-6, 1983). 

This text is written to help bridge the gap between the technical and nontechnical education. The text material emphasizes those aspects along the technical-economic side of the triangular diagram, with frequent departures into the sociopolitical aspects where appropriate. Case studies and outside collateral readings may be used to illustrate interactions between all three decisive factors. For appropriate case studies, one should consider those published by the Harvard Business School. 

We also recognize the many helpful suggestions and contributions that the seniors and graduate students at the University of Arkansas have made. They have taken the associated course, solved the problems, gathered data, and assisted the instructor(s) in clarifying the text material. 

Learning Goals A set of chapter objectives at the beginning of each chapter previews concepts that will be covered in the chapter. Icons locate text material that supports the learning goals. 

Revision and modernization of the-text material from previous editions has been incorporated in a different sequence of presentation. It is assumed that the reader has a sufficient background in process calculations and technology, thermodynamics, unit operations and processes, and elementary engineering economics as taught in an undergraduate chemical engineering curriculum. The first six chapters of the present edition can then be used as a text for course work in process development where the ultimate goal is to arrive at a preliminary cost estimate. 

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