World primary energy consumption

Fig. 1.1 World primary energy consumptions 2007 (total = 11099 Mtoe) [3]...

More than half of the world primary energy consumption is used as hot water, steam and space heat. Unlike fossil energy carriers, nuclear power is almost exclusively used for commercial electricity production. Clearly nuclear heat production could play a major and important role in the non-electric sector. Nuclear growth depends on the future public perception of the comparative benefits, cost, and risks of alternatives. Based on the comparative evaluation of tangible risks to public health, safety, and environment, nuclear power appears to be a better choice than fossil fuels. 

Tables. World primary energy consumption 1965-2003 (in million tonnes of oil equivalent, Mtoe).

The world primary energy consumption amounts to well over 300,000 Peta joules and over half of that is used as hot water, steam and heat. Only a few nuclear power plants are being used for heat applications (district heating, heat for industrial processes, and seawater desalination). Potential nuclear heat applications include enhanced oil recovery, petroleum refining, petrochemical industries, and methanol production from hard coal. The need for potable water in some parts of the world is large, vital for sustaining development, and ever increasing. Clearly nuclear heat and power production could play a major and important role. 

B) is yearly growth-rate of the world primary energy consumption ... 

Fig. 1 Projections of the world primary energy consumption in million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) by fuel type from today to 2040. Data fiom [2]...

Figure S.1.1 Relationship between world primary energy consumption (without traditional biomass) and world population in the period 1965-2008 (Jess, 2010).

Fig. 15.1. Total world primary energy consumption in 1989 was equivalent to about 166 million daily barrels of oil.

World primary energy consumption by energy source... 

Looking back in the history, energy consumption of the world is constantly increasing. The trend of energy consumption in the world is shown in Fig. 1. In this diagram, oil, coal and natural gas has the largest consumption share of world primary energy, oil, coal, and natural gas are the three main sources. 

Renewable energy scenarios depend on environmental protection, which is an essential characteristic of sustainable developments. Worldwide biomass ranks fourth as an energy resource, providing approximately 14% of the world s energy needs. Biomass, mainly now represent only 3% of primary energy consumption... 

Renewable energy sources or renewables contributed 2% of the world s energy consumption in 1998, including 7 exajoules (EJ) from modem biomass and 2 EJ for all other renewables (UNDP, 2000). The renewables are clean or inexhaustible and primary energy resources. Renewable technologies like water and wind power probably would not have provided the same fast increase in industrial productivity as fossil fuels (Edinger and Kaul, 2000). 

Table 2.4. List of regions and countries in which primary energy consumption exceeds 0.5% of total energy generated in the world at the beginning of 21 century. From BP (2005).

Another view to consumption is that the world consumption of crude oil and liquids from natural gas in 2001 reached 76 million barrels per day (MMbpd). North America is the largest energy consumer at 24.1 MMbpd. The Asia-Pacific regional demand is steadily increasing. In 2001, Asia-Pacific comprised 27.2 percent of the world s oil demand, up from 20 percent in 1990.2 Crude oil s share of primary energy consumption was 39.4 percent in 2001. Thus, petroleum oil and natural gas remain the steadfast energy sources globally, as shown in Fig. 18.1.2... 

Renewable sources of energy contribute about 20% of the world s primary energy consumption at present. Most of them are fuelwood and hydropower. 

Table 5.1.1 2007 fuel shares of world total primary energy consumption (lEA, 2009, 2007). 

On a global level, geothermal energy also plays a minor role (0.4% of the world s total primary energy consumption. Table 5.1.1), but there are local variations, for example, in Iceland with 17% of total electricity production and in New Zealand (7%). Moreover, geothermal energy is also used non-electrically by heat pumps, but there are no reliable data on this usage. 

Nowadays, the world s primary energy consumption is based on fossil fuels. However, the rising cost of petroleum oil, together with global warming, has led researchers to develop alternative non-petroleum fuels such as biofuels. These are divided in two main classes bioethanol and biodiesel. The former is obtained from... 

All of the world s major economies, as well as scores of smaller, low-income nations, rely mainly on hydrocarbons. Crude oil now supplies two-fifths of the world s primary energy (Table 1). There are distinct consumption patterns in the shares of light and hea vy oil products the United States burns more than 40 percent of all its liquid fuels as gasoline, Japan just a fifth and the residual fuel oil accounts for nearly a third of Japanese use, but for less than 3 percent of the U.S. total. Small countries of the Persian Gulf have the highest per capita oil consumption (more than 5 t a year in the United Arab Emirates and in Qatar) the U.S. rate is more than 2.5 t a year European means arc around 1 t China s mean is about 120 kg, and sub-Saharan Africa is well below 100 kg per capita. 

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