Properties loadings plot

Since U and V express one and the same set of latent vectors, one can superimpose the score plot and the loading plot into a single display as shown in Fig. 31,2e. Such a display was called a biplot (Section 17.4), as it represents two entities (rows and columns of X) into a single plot [10]. The biplot plays an important role in the graphic display of the results of PCA. A fundamental property of PCA is that it obviates the need for two dual data spaces and that instead of these it produces a single space of latent variables. 

PLS has been used mainly for calibration purposes in analytical chemistry. In this case the determination of unknown concentrations is the most important demand. In spectroscopic research, there is also the interpretation of diagnostic plots such as the score plots and loading plots as a function of reaction mechanisms and spectroscopic background knowledge. Also the interpretation of rank as complexity of a mechanism is a valuable tool. A nice property of latent variable methods is that they do not demand advanced knowledge of the system studied, but that the measurements... 

From the loading plot, Fig. 15.19b, it is seen that the principal properties of a solvent can be interpreted as "polarity" (PCI), and "polarizability (PC2). The first component is mainly described by the typical polarity descriptors, while the second... 

Fig. 15.20 Principal properties of aldehydes (a) Score plot (b) Loading plot.

Using the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) data for nine different strains, two significant principal components could be obtained, accounting for 77.1% and 16.1%, respectively, of the data variance. The loading plot, i.e. a plot of the calculated principal components with respect to the descriptors, shows that the first component is mainly related to the seven cell-free test systems, while the second one represents the two whole-cell test results. In other words, much redundant information was obtained by measuring in nine test systems two would have been sufficient. This separation means that the potency in both test systems is governed by different physicochemical properties. 

Score and loading plots are interconnected so that any descriptor change in the loading plot is reflected by changes in the position of compounds in the score plot. Pairwise comparison can be made directly with interactive plots as developed in the Golpe program, and the relative contributions to the property imder study is shown in the related descriptors space. 

Figure 17.2 Correlation loading plot from PCA, Principal Components 1 and 2. Map of respondents positioning (X and Y followed by respondent number ) and descriptors (T) used by respondents for sensory properties of the beer.

The nanotribological properties of the SAM films generated from CnOH, CnCHs, and CsCH3 SAM films were characterized through the measurement of frictional forces with a plasma-cleaned silicon nitride tip as a function of load under distilled water. Representative friction-versus-load plots obtained by AFM are presented in Fig. 4a. The force-versus-distance curves obtained from the same three SAM films are shown in Fig. 4b. In order to ensure a statistically valid comparison, the measurements were repeated several times in varying order using the same tip/... 

The nanotribological properties of PLL-g-dex copolymers were characterized by the acquisition of friction-vs-load plots in a number of areas on each sample. Briefly, the sample was laterally scaimed relative to a fixed tip-cantilever assembly posilion in a line-scan mode while the sample was simullaneously ramped up and Ihen ramped down in vertical direction to provide a variation in normal load. Both normal and lateral defiection of the tip—cantilever assembly generated from the interaction between the probe tip and the sample surface were detected by a four-quadrant photodiode and interpreted as the normal load (converted based on the manufacturers normal spring constant value, = 0.58 N m ) and the frictional forces (raw photodiode signals), respectively. With the fiictionforces plotted as a function of normal load, friction-vs-load plots were obtained. To ensure a valid comparison of the frictional properties... 

Figure 14 FPCA loadings plot for the 18 selected properties (PC1-PC2).

The PC1-PC2 plot of 31 phases classified by the stationary phase manufacturers as suitable for use imder purely aqueous conditions clearly highlights three distinct groups of phases possessing differing chromatographic properties (see Fig. 6 score and loading plots). 

The loading plots indicate that the subgroups possess the following dominant chromatographic properties ... 

Fig. 1. Loading plot obtained on some of the physical properties of test compounds.

Fig. 5.13 Measured load plotted as a function of extension for the four sets of samples of the model linear polymer subjected to uniaxial tension increasing at a rate of 5 bar ps"f Data for each set are averaged over five samples, the four sets are based on polyethylene model PE I. The samples were prepared directly in the glassy state and sets A-D have different configurational properties (see Table 5.1) as a result of different preparation procedures.

The piindples of DMA are beyond the scope of this paper and are covered in various publications [3,4 as well as in the litorature of companies that supply dynamic mechanical analyzers [5]. In its simplest form the output fi om a DMA gives a plot of the dastic and viscous modulus as a fimction of temporature. The elastic modulus provides a measurement of the load-bearing properties while the viscous modulus assists in... 

Compressibility. The bulk density of a soHd is an essential value used in the analysis of its flow properties, such as when calculating mass flow hopper angles, opening sizes, bin loads, etc. Loose and/or packed density values ate not sufficient. Bulk soHds exhibit a range of densities that vary as a function of consoHdating pressure. This range of densities, called the compressibiHty of the soHd, can often be expressed on a log—log plot as a line or relationship. 

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