Surface Seawater

Chlorides are often found as the salt aerosols of the atmosphere, and consequently may strongly influence the corrosion performance of structures and plant, particularly in marine or coastal situations. This influence on corrosivity reduces proportionately with distance from the seawater surface, though local environmental factors such as prevailing wind direction, level... 

Trethewey, K.R. and Pinwill, I. (1987). The dezincification of free-machining brasses in seawater. Surface and Coatings Technology 30 289-307. 

Spiel, D. E. (1997). More on the births of jet drops from bubbles bursting on seawater surfaces. /. Geophys. Res. 102,5815-5821. 

Earlier reports from this Laboratory presented the results of correlations of radiochemical data from some coral and seawater surface events of Operation Redwing (4), from some similar events of Operation Hardtack (2), and from some airburst events (7). This report presents the results of studies of data from Small Boy, a silicate-soil surface event of Operation Sunbeam. 

This paper summarizes the results of emission measurements made from several wetlands in Florida. The two environments mentioned above were sampled, in addition to sites with predominant plant communities of Cladium jamaicense. Juncus roemerianus. Disticlis spicata. Avicennia germinans. Batis maritima. and coastal seawater surfaces. Complete descriptions of the sites are given in refs. (8-111. These sites were chosen to represent the major wetland plant communities of Florida, and their geographic locations are shown in Figure 1. 

Figure 3. Effect of water column depth on the emission of H2S from a coastal seawater surface, Rookery Bay, Florida, October 1985 and January 1986.

The results of deposition studies using H2S are summarized in Table III. The sparsity of the data reflects the problems of conducting this type of experiment. The emission rates shown are the values measured immediately before and after making deposition measurements, and are used to calculate the deposition rate. It is clear in the case of the seawater surface that changes in natural emissions complicate the study to such an extent that interpretation is impossible. Furthermore, it should be noted that the nature 01 enclosure designs provides elevated concentrations of emitted gaseous species, and it is likely that the measured emission rates already include a depositional component. The concentration of sulfur species added to the chamber in these studies is comparable to that already present, and the actual deposition rates would probably be higher at ambient reduced sulfur levels. 

Figure 3 Potential distributions (optional anode depth 1.6m from seawater surface).

One set measurement takes about fifteen minutes. The optional anode was located at the depth of 1.6m from the seawater surface in the first three sets (Fig. 3). The electrode measuring the potential was attached to the cable on edge. The depth of Figure 3 is actually the cable length from the ballast tank ceiling and the depth more than 12.8 meters shows that the electrode reached the bottom. 

Seawater" Surface Below 2000 m Upper Below 40 m Upper Below 100 m Great Salt Lake," Utah... 

Typical for the onshore breeze, its sea wind front is formed above the almost waveless Baltic Sea, which is apparent by an increasing rippling of the seawater surface. Along with the front s rapid passage across the coastal region, not only wind direction and wind velocity do suddenly change but also a local abrupt transition from the continental to the maritime weather takes place. 

Coastal seawater surface sample from Florida Bay (see Fig. 1) typical DOC -150 pmol 1 Absorptivity from Eq. (4). 

Even though fine grain size sediments were the main carriers of heavy metals, it was still possible to form certain high areas of coarse grain size sediments. Heavy metal deposition was through the sediment-seawater surface in fine sediments, heavy metals were easily released to the overlying water and the burial of heavy metals would decrease in coarse sediments the adsorption... 

Bezdek HF, Carlucci AF (1974) Concentration and removal of liquid microlayers from a seawater surface by bursting bubbles. Limnol Oceanogr 19 126-132... 

Twenty-seven-year-old pipeline failure incident located in municipal area. Oil leaking from the pipeline ignited resulting in an explosion and fire that also produced an oil spillage into an adjacent seaport that spread across 3000 square meters of seawater surface. The director of the State Administration of Work Safety cited an unreasonable oil-pipeline layout, negligent pipeline supervision, and unprofessional handling of oil leakage before the blasts. Afterward, China s President ordered safety checks on the country s oil and gas pipeline network. Urban encroachment onto the pipeline route also was a factor. 

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