Extremophile bacteria

The fairly recent discovery of bacteria living in obscure environments (Table 9.2) has led to a new classification of bacteria the extremophile bacteria, with a diverse array of likes and dislikes. A useful working definition for extremophile is ... 

Many types of extremophile bacteria have been identified, described by some of the following definitions ... 

Astrobiology The search for exotic environments in which life has evolved. Drawing inspiration from the extremophile bacteria from the Earth s biota, knowing where to look on another planet is not an easy question... 

Lipopolysaccharides are heat-stable complex amphiphilic macromolecules indispensable for the bacterial growth, viability and for the correct assembly of the external membrane they represent a defensive barrier which helps bacteria to resist to antimicrobial compounds and environmental stresses and are involved in many aspects of host-bacterium interactions as recognition, adhesion, colonization, and, in the case of extremophile bacteria, in the survival under harsh conditions (Alexander and Rietschel, 2001 Raetz and Whitfield, 2002 Raetz et al 2007). LPS are also called endotoxins because they are cell-bound and, once released, play a key role in the pathogenesis of Gram-negative infections, in mechanisms as... 

Extremophilic bacteria employ mechanisms analogous to those used by thermophilic members of the Archaea. In some anaerobic thermophilic bacteria, C30 dicarboxylic acids may provide 10-20% of the acyl chains of membrane lipids (Langworthy and Pond, 1986). These acyl chains may be esterified to a glycerol molecule at each end of the C30 chain to form a membrane-spanning lipid with a high ability to stabilize the membrane against thermal perturbation. 

Laboratory of Extremophilic Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology. BAS. Sofia. Bulgaria Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul,Turkey Institute ofBiomoIecular Chemistry (ICB). National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy... 

Kulkami, S. O., Ph. D. Thesis Rroduclion of Biodegradable Polymer by Extremophilic Bacteria Isolated fiom Lonar Lake, University of Pune, Pune, India, (2010). 

Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel (CEA-CNRS). A site that is very rich in diverse information, in particular that concerning extremophile bacteria. 

Archaea Special membrane lipids, coenzymes and uses of nickel (several specialist types see under bacteria) Extremophiles of various kinds. Use of sulfate and limited use of light and 02... 

Christner, B.C., Kvitko, B.H., II Reeve, J.N. 2003. Molecular identification of bacteria and eukarya inhabiting an Antarctic cryoconite hole. Extremophiles, 7, 177-183. 

Bacteria-like microbes found in extreme environments ( extremophiles ) were sometimes presumed to belong exclusively to the specialized domain known as Archaea. However, it has transpired that the arrangement of microbes in ecological niches was not as simple as this - many Archaea have been found in temperate zones and in ecosystems similar to those occupied by bacteria, and some conventional microbes occupy extreme environments. 

Recently, organic solvent tolerant bacteria, a novel group of extremophilic microorganisms that combat these destructive effects and thrive in the presence of high concentrations of organic solvents as a result of various adaptations, are being explored for their potential in industrial and environmental biotechnology [29],... 

The once-obscure field of exploring potential uses of bacteria and their enzyme systems that thrive in hot or boiling water (extremophiles)—from geysers and sea bed vents in tectonically active areas—is another instance of nature generating practically valuable resources. The use of hyperthermophilic enzymes to speed the fermentation of ethanol from starch is a case in point.33... 

Extremophiles, loosely defined as members of the domains Archaea and Bacteria that are tolerant of extremes of temperature, salinity, pressure, and acidity (for reviews, see Horikoshi and Grant, 1998), usually are characterized by membrane components that add an additional degree of toughness to the integrity of the membrane. Above, we mentioned that long-chain carotenoids that intercalate into the membrane and may span the bilayer confer a high level of stability to the membrane. There are other unusual components of the membranes of extremophiles that also may serve this type of function. In the... 

The first metal-sulphide clusters were recognized in photosynthetic centres of all plants, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and mitochondrial proteins of mammalian origin. It soon turned out that all these proteins contain closely related iron-sulphur clusters (Figure 10.3). More recent studies indicated that iron-sulphur proteins are ubiquitous in all living matter, including extremophilic Archaebacteria. 

Bacteriologist Thomas Brock demonstrated the importance of extremophiles in the 1960 s when he isolated bacteria from a 70°C thermal pool in Yellowstone National Park. In the forty years following Brock s discovery, scientists have explored ecological niches as varied as deep sea vents and Antarctic ice sheets and have also found unusual life forms in unexpected places [12]. 

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