Aspirin Salicylates

NSAIDs are of diverse chemical structures salicylates (aspirin, sulphasalazine), indole acetic acids (indomethacin, etodolac), heteroaryl acetic acids (diclofenac), arylpropionic acids (ibuprofen, naproxen), anthranilic acids (mefenamic acid) and enolic acids (piroxicam, meloxicam). 

Salicylates aspirin Bayer, Ecotrin, Analgesic, Nausea, vomiting, epigastric 325-650 mg PO... 

Food containing salicylate (curry powder, paprika, licorice, prunes, raisins, and tea) may increase the risk of adverse reactions. Coadministration of the salicylates with activated charcoal decreases the absorption of the salicylates. Antacids may decrease the effects of the salicylates. Coadministration with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors increases the risk of salicylism. Aspirin may increase the risk of bleeding during... 

Carboxylic acid (salicylates) Aspirin 325-650 mg every 4-6 hours 3600 ... 

Hypersensitivity to salicylates or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Use extreme caution in patients with history of adverse reactions to salicylates. Cross-sensitivity may exist between aspirin and other NSAIDs that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, and aspirin, and tartrazine. Aspirin cross-sensitivity does not appear to occur with sodium salicylate, salicylamide, or choline salicylate. Aspirin hypersensitivity is more prevalent in those with asthma, nasal polyposis, chronic urticaria. 

Among the salicylates, aspirin and sodium salicylate are by far the most commonly used. 

When a specific antidote or other treatment is under consideration, quantitative laboratory testing may be indicated. For example, determination of the acetaminophen serum level is useful in assessing the need for antidotal therapy with acetylcysteine. Serum levels of salicylate (aspirin), ethylene glycol, methanol, theophylline, carbamazepine, lithium, valproic acid, and other drugs and poisons may indicate the need for hemodialysis (Table 58-3). 

Salicylate (aspirin) is found in willow, wintergreen, and sweet birch, and ... 

Some toxicants that affect body temperature are shown in Figure 6.11. Among those that increase body temperature are benzadrine, cocaine, sodium fluoroacetate, tricyclic antidepressants, hexachlorobenzene, and salicylates (aspirin). In addition to phenobarbital and ethanol, toxicants that decrease body temperature include phenothiazine, clonidine, glutethimide, and haloperidol. 

Preparations from plant materials containing salicylate have been used to treat pain and fever (Stone, 1763) from ancient times into the nineteenth century, when synthetic salicylic acid was synthesized in Germany and used for the same purposes. Acetyl salicylate, aspirin, synthesized as a prodrug for salicylate, was introduced by Bayer in 1899 (Dreser, 1899) and is still widely used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation. In low doses aspirin is also used by many to reduce the incidence of heart attacks by an antithrombotic effect (Antiplatelet Trialists Collaboration, 1994). Eventually, other drugs with therapeutic effects similar to those of aspirin were introduced, including indomethacin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. These... 

IM sodium hydroxide, and add 3 drops of Trinder s reagent. A violet colour indicates the presence of salicylate. Aspirin itself will not react with the reagent as preliminary hydrolysis is required. 

Figure 1. Examples of compounds in three different classes of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drags (NSAIDs) A. Salicylates salicylic acid and acetyl-salicylic acid (ASA, trademarks Aspirin, Bufferin, Alka-Seltzer) B. Para-amino phenols acetaminophen (trademark Tylenol) C. Non-salicylate aspirin-like drags ibuprofen (trademarks Advil, Motrin, Nuprin)...

The analgesic efficacy of tramadol can be further enhanced by adding injectable lysine acetyl salicylate (aspirin) after orthopedic surgery with no significant increase in adverse effects (26). 

Quinine The antimalarial agent quinine is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree along with several other alkaloids and salicylate (aspirin). Many of these agents produce similar toxic features (cinchon-ism) in patients with excessive intake, but only quinine produces blindness. Cinchonism consists of abdominal pain and vomiting, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and confusion. Visual loss after quinine overdose is due to direct retinal toxicity, although until recently it was believed to be due to spasm of the arterial blood supply to the retina. Treatment is difficult, but limited evidence suggests charcoal hemoperfusion may be beneficial (hemoperfusion is similar to hemodialysis, except in place of a semi-permeable membrane to filter the toxin from the blood, charcoal is used to bind the toxin). 

Salicylate (aspirin), which also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondrial preparations (although at much higher concentrations than 2,4-DNP) (Brody 1956), partially inhibited a protein thiol loss induced by 2,4-DNP, but not nonprotein thiol loss by 2,4-DNP in the small intestine of rats (Nishihata et al. 1988b). Although DNP inhibits the absorption of the hydrophilic drug, cefmetazole, incubation of DNP and salicylate removed this inhibitory effect in the small intestine. By preventing... 

Vermeersch and co-workers have reported the case of a 4-month-old girl who presented with agitation, hyperexcitation, fever, dehydration, polypnea and metabolic acidosis. H NMR spectroscopy of the lyophilized urine from the patient showed the presence of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid), o-hydroxyhippuric acid and 2,5-dihydroxyhippuric acid, which indicated that she had been poisoned with salicylate (aspirin). It is notable that this study was completed at 80 MHz, a relatively low field strength. 

Anti-inflammatory drugs Salicylates Aspirin Sodium salicylate... 

Ferric chloride Fe3+ Salicylates (aspirin family), phenols Colored complex... 

In addition to oral contraceptives, other drugs such as barbiturates (sleeping pills), laxatives, and salicylates (aspirin and similar substances) can be transmitted through breast milk. The taking of any drug during lactation should be done only under a doctor s supervision. 

Iron Test for Acetoacetic Acid.— Add dilute (1 per cent.) ferric chloride drop by drop to 5 ml. of urine until the buff-coloured precipitate of ferric phosphate, which is given by all specimens of urine, ceases to form. Further addition of the ferric chloride now produces a brown-purple colour if the urine contains more than 0-07 per cent, acetoacetic acid. Urines after administration of salicylates, aspirin, and related drugs, give a violet colour on addition of ferric chloride, which may be mistaken for an acetoacetic acid reaction. 

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