Outer whole-body

Both inner and outer whole-body dosimeters are common tools to measure successfully dermal exposure to pesticide workers and are employed in a variety of ways in mixer-loader/applicator or re-entry studies. 

Selection of the type of whole-body dosimeter is important. Inner whole-body dosimeters are usually white, 100% cotton, long underwear purchased from a variety of clothing outlets and stores. One- or two-piece inner whole-body dosimeters are common. Outer whole-body dosimeters can range from hand-made cotton coveralls to shirts and pants bought directly off the shelf at local retail stores. Outer whole-body dosimeters can also be purchased from wholesale clothing outlets. Outer whole-body dosimeters may be any color and may also be 100% cotton or mixed materials, depending on the purpose for which the outer whole-body dosimeter is to be used. For example, one may want to use a coverall as an outer whole-body dosimeter. This would be acceptable even if the coverall were not white and not 100% cotton provided that the fabric did not contain interfering analytical components. 

Pre-exposure proeessing and preparation of the inner and outer whole-body dosimeters for use in the field should be eonsidered. The analytieal laboratory should determine if the fabric of the dosimeter of choice contains any analytical interference, which may be a problem in subsequent analysis of the fabric. If such analytical interferences are present in the fabric of the dosimeter, they may be reduced by pre-washing the dosimeter material prior to use in the field. The dosimeter is usually pre-washed (sometimes more than once) and rinsed several times prior to thorough drying. The washing detergent of choice should be as free as possible from additive brighteners and other chemicals, which may cause analytical interferences. 

The skin exposure is first calculated by correcting the outer whole-body dosimeter residues by the penetration factor. The penetration factor is derived from dividing the total outer torso residues into the total residues on the combined tee-shirt and brief... 

Sum the micrograms chlorpyrifos on the arms and legs and torso section of the coverall (outer whole-body dosimeter) and multiply by the percentage penetration of the chlorpyrifos through the coverall. 

CA, outer whole-body dosimeter = coveralls dosimeters (arms, legs, torso) FL and AZ (short sleeve with arm band) inner dosimeter = t-shirt and brief head patch, face and neck... 

The amount of chlorpyrifos deposited on the passive dosimeters such as outer whole-body dosimeters (coveralls) was determined as described... 

Penetration of chlorpyrifos through the outer whole-body dosimeter to the inner-body dosimeter... 

In order to determine the dermal exposure of volunteers to chlorpyrifos, the penetration of chlorpyrifos through the outer whole-body dosimeter (coveralls) to the inner body dosimeter (t-shirt and briefs) was measured. The penetration factor was calculated for each volunteer in the study from the experimental data by dividing the amount of chlorpyrifos on the t-shirt and brief sample by the amount of chlorpyrifos on the torso section of the coveralls. This method of calculation assumes that the surface area of the torso section of the coveralls is nearly the same as the surface area of the t-shirt and briefs worn directly under the torso section of the coveralls. A mean penetration factor for each worker type was calculated by averaging all the worker volunteer... 

Now a differentiated cell and the organ in which it resides have to be positioned by fixed connective tissue within the contained whole organism. The way in which the organs are arranged within the whole body of the organ, and the way this body comes to fixed size with an outer skin of cells and connective tissue is as yet little understood. The biggest developments of novel chemistry here were of connective tissue and the containment of body fluids around them. 

JP-8 Male and female F344 rats, male and fern ale C57BL/6 mice 500 or 1,000 mg/m3 (vapors, whole-body) 90 days continuously Kidney lesions (hyalin droplets, granular casts in outer medulla, nephrosis) in male rats only no kidney toxicity in female rats or male and female mice Mattie et al. 1991... 

Figure 11.18 The composite sphere model. A composite containing spherical inclusions is conceptually divided into composite spheres (cross-sectional view). The core of each sphere is an inclusion and the outer radius of the cladding of the sphere is chosen such that each sphere has the same volume fraction of inclusion as the whole body.

Cosmic radiation from outer space 27 mrem/yr (whole body dose)... 

CFR 100 stipulates that neither an individual located at any point on the outer boundary of the exclusion area for two hours immediately following onset of the postulated fission product release nor an individual located at any point on the outer boundary of the low population zone for the duration of the accident should receive a total radiation dose in excess of 25 rem to the whole body or 300 rem to the thyroid. Thus, the design-basis LOCA, whose consequences were not to be exceeded by any other credible accident, became the focus of siting evaluations. 10 CFR 100 also stipulates that the... 

When histochemical techniques for acid phosphatase were carried out at the electron microscopic level (N5, N6), dense bodies about 0.4 /t in diameter having a single outer membrane were observed in intact cells of the liver. In addition bodies with similar morphological characteristics were found to be located along the fine bile canaliculi. Indeed lysosomes as a whole showed considerable polymorphism, apparently the result of their association with the different materials that are phagocytized by the cell (S29). 

Suppositories are probably more difficult to study in vitro than many other dosage forms because it is not easy to simulate the conditions in the rectum. In one system, shown in Fig. 12.5, a suppository is placed in a pH 7.8 buffer in a dialysis bag. This bag is placed in a second dialysis bag filled with octanol, the whole is suspended in a flow system at 37°C, and the amount of drug released into the outer liquid is monitored. The results from this set-up must be interpreted with care as it is possible for substances that complex with the drug to reduce transport across the dialysis membrane - something which may or may not happen in the body. 

Every Soul has a certain part from the NOUS, namely reason Without that, a Human Being would not be a Human Being There is so much of every Soul mixed with flesh and desire, and when she is changed through worries and pleasures, she becomes irrational Some Souls immerse deeply into the body, and her whole behaviour is undermined by desire and passion others are mixed only to a certain part, but the purer part (nous) remains at the same time outside of the body It is not pulled into the body, but instead, it floats above and touches (overshadows) the outer part of the human head It is similar to a rope which maintains and guides the remaining parts of the Soul, as long as it demonstrates obedience and is not overcome by the desire of the flesh. 

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