White liver

Wash pig liver with water and remove as much Wood as possible. Homogenize chopped pig liver in a blendor with the same volume of Soln. A and cool the homogenate to 0 °C. Pour slowly the homogenate to 10 vol. of acetone cooled to -15 °C. Allow to setde at -15 °C and filter the sediment on a Buchner funnel. Wash the tissue twice with three volumes of cold acetone, followed by a wash with cold diethylether. Spread the dehydrated tissue on filter paper, grind up, allow the solvent to evaporate and store it in a desiccator containing anhydrous calcium cWoride at 4 °C. The white liver powder remains stable for months. 

Acute pyridine treatment (single intraperitoneal dose of 200 mg/kg bw) increased the metabolism of 2-butanol twofold in Sprague-Dawley rat liver microsomes and threefold in rabbit (New Zealand White) liver microsomes (Page Carlson, 1993). In liver microsomes from pyridine-treated (one intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg bw, daily for four days) male Sprague-Dawley rats, increased oxidative biotransformation of the chlorofluorocarbon l,2-dichloro-l,l,2-trifluoroethane was found the day after the last injection (Dekant et al, 1995). 

The increase in echogenicity (i. e. increase in density) of a homogeneous, frequently coarsened structure with decreased sound conduction in the form of a structurally dense hver is a reliable indicator of a diffuse liver disease. This increase in intensity and frequency of echoes yields the image of a bright (white) liver (e.g. fatty liver, haemachromatosis). A diffuse liver disease can also be accompanied by a decrease in echogenicity, which is why the hypoechoic liver is known as a dark liver (e. g. acute hver congestion, acute viral hepatitis, amyloidosis), (s. fig. 6.4)... 

Fig. 6.5 Pronounced fatty liver (so-called enlarged white liver)...

Haemochromatosis leads to an increase in the density of the liver parenchyma, which correlates with the accumulation of iron. CT scans reveal a remarkably dense and bright liver parenchyma with density values of up to +140 HU (so-called white liver). The deposition of 1 g iron results in a rise in density of 1 HU. (20) CT densitometry clearly facilitates effective control of therapeutic success in this storage disease. It is not possible, however, to differentiate pronounced secondary haemo-siderosis. Hyperdense values are also found in longterm gold therapy, in glycogen thesaurismosis and M. Wilson, or in chronic arsenic poisoning. 

Cobalt Co Anemia anorexia growth reduction. White liver disease (in sheep) Heart failure hypothyroidism Cobalt is a component of vitamin and involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin... 

Hepatic Hepatic means "pertaining to the liver." For example, hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Liver disorders are sometimes marked by jaundice, a yellowish coloration to the whites of the eyes and skin. Certain chemicals are hepatotoxins (toxic to the liver), usually as a result of chronic exposure. One example is carbon tetrachloride (CCI4). 

Folic acid is a member of the vitamin B complex found in green plants, fresh fruit, yeast, and liver. Folic acid takes its name from folium, Latin for leaf. Pterin compounds are named from the Greek word for wing because these substances were first identified in insect wings. Two pterins are familiar to any child who has seen (and chased) the common yellow sulfur butterfly and its white counterpart, the cabbage butterfly. Xanthopterin and leu-... 

Tissue expression Mainly white and brown adipose tissue weak expression in liver, muscle, gut, macrophages, pancreatic (3-cells and haemopoietic tissues... 

Tissue-Specific Expression. In the adult rodent, PPARy is expressed in brown and white adipose tissue, and at lower levels in intestine, retina, skeletal muscle, and lymphoid organs. In human, PPARy is most abundantly expressed in white adipose tissue and at lower levels in skeletal muscle, the heart, and liver, but not in lymphoid tissues, although PPARy has been identified in macrophages in human atheromas. 

More than half of the patients receiving this drug by the parenteral route experience some adverse reaction. Severe and sometimes life-threatening reactions include leukopenia (low white blood cell count), hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), and hypotension (low blood pressure). Moderate or less severe reactions include changes in some laboratory tests, such as the serum creatinine and liver function tests. Other adverse reactions include anxiety, headache, hypotension, chills, nausea, and anorexia Aerosol administration may result in fatigue a metallic taste in the mouth, shortness of breath, and anorexia... 

This is true of skeletal muscle, particularly the white fibers, where the rate of work output—and therefore the need for ATP formation—may exceed the rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized. Glycolysis in erythrocytes, even under aerobic conditions, always terminates in lactate, because the subsequent reactions of pymvate are mitochondrial, and erythrocytes lack mitochondria. Other tissues that normally derive much of their energy from glycolysis and produce lactate include brain, gastrointestinal tract, renal medulla, retina, and skin. The liver, kidneys, and heart usually take up... 

Malins DC, BB McCain, DW Brown, MS Myers, MM Krahn, S-L Chan (1987) Toxic chemicals, including aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons and their derivatives, and liver lesions in white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) from the vicinity of Los Angeles. Environ Sci Technol 21 765-770. 

Carbamazepine Manufacturer recommends CBC and platelets (and possibly reticulocyte counts and serum iron) at baseline, and that subsequent monitoring be individualized by the clinician (e.g., CBC, platelet counts, and liver function tests every 2 weeks during the first 2 months of treatment, then every 3 months if normal). Monitor more closely if patient exhibits hematologic or hepatic abnormalities or if the patient is receiving a myelotoxic drug discontinue if platelets are less than 100,000/mm3, if white blood cell (WBC) count is less than 3,000/mm3 or if there is evidence of bone marrow suppression or liver dysfunction. Serum electrolyte levels should be monitored in the elderly or those at risk for hyponatremia. Carbamazepine interferes with some pregnancy tests. 

Laboratory monitoring is performed before initiating therapy and before each cycle of chemotherapy. A complete blood count should be obtained prior to each course of chemotherapy to ensure that hematologic values are adequate. In particular, white blood cell counts and absolute neutrophil counts can be decreased in patients receiving chemotherapy such as irinote-can and 5-FU and increase the risk of infection. Baseline liver function tests and an assessment of renal function should be done prior to and periodically during therapy. Other selected laboratory tests include checking for the presence of protein in the urine in patients receiving oxaliplatin and bevacizumab. 

The inhibition of two cholinesterase activities in blood can also be used to confirm exposure to certain organophosphate ester compounds. Red blood cell acetylcholinesterase is the same cholinesterase found in the gray matter of the central nervous system and motor endplates of sympathetic ganglia. Synonyms for this enzyme include specific cholinesterase, true cholinesterase, and E-type cholinesterase. Plasma cholinesterase is a distinct enzyme found in intestinal mucosa, liver, plasma, and white matter of the central nervous system. Synonyms for this enzyme include nonspecific cholinesterase, pseudocholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and S-type cholinesterase (Evans 1986). Nonspecific cholinesterase is thought to be a very poor indicator of neurotoxic effects. 

Japanese white rabbits exposed to 500-1,000 ppm of hydrogen sulfide (the lethal concentration), for 60 minutes, had thiosulfate concentrations of 0.08 mol/mL in blood, 0.095 mol/g in lung, and 0.023 mol/g in brain (Kage et al. 1992). Little or no thiosulfate was found in the liver, kidney, or muscle. When rabbits were exposed to 100-200 ppm of hydrogen sulfide for 60 minutes, blood thiosulfate levels decreased from 0.061 mol/mL immediately postexposure to a trace level at 2 hours postexposure (Kage etal. 1992). 

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